Evaluating Conversational Artificial Intelligence for Depression Management

Overview

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate how a conversational method of collecting medical history affects patients' perceptions and experiences compared to traditional online, closed-ended surveys. Both methods collect identical medical history information, can be completed by patients at home, and do not disrupt routine clinical care. The primary questions this study aims to answer are: 1. Does conversational intake affect patients' perceptions of empathy during their clinical interactions? 2. Does conversational intake strengthen the therapeutic bond patients feel toward their clinicians compared to traditional surveys? Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two intake methods: 1. Conversational intake: Participants answer questions about their medical history through a natural, dialogue-based interface. 2. Closed-ended survey intake: Participants complete a structured, multiple-choice questionnaire about their medical history. After completing their assigned intake method, participants will rate their experience, particularly in terms of empathy and therapeutic bond, and compare it to their usual interactions with their own clinicians.

Conversational artificial intelligence (AI) systems, such as those based on Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, offer innovative ways to engage patients in health-related conversations. Despite these advances, challenges remain regarding patient safety and system reliability. Specific concerns include biased recommendations against certain patient groups, inaccuracies or misleading responses, and mechanical, unempathic interactions, particularly during sensitive moments such as when patients express suicidal thoughts. Testing conversational AI in healthcare settings is complicated due to the diverse medical, linguistic, and behavioral characteristics exhibited by patients. This study addresses these challenges by developing an advanced conversational AI system guided by a structured knowledge-based topic network to maintain conversation relevance and coherence. Additionally, the investigators introduce a novel patient simulator methodology that mimics diverse medical histories, linguistic styles, and behavioral interactions, enhancing pre-clinical testing rigor. The research focuses specifically on the clinical context of depression management, aiming to optimize antidepressant selection. Currently, many patients undergo a frustrating and costly trial-and-error process to find effective antidepressants. The study compares two approaches designed to streamline and personalize this process: 1. Conversational AI Intake: Engages patients through flexible, open-ended dialogue to gather medical history and generate personalized antidepressant recommendations. 2. Structured Questionnaire Intake: Utilizes a closed-ended, multiple-choice format to systematically collect patient medical histories for antidepressant recommendation. Both methods leverage a curated, evidence-based knowledgebase of 15 commonly used antidepressants, considering factors like patient age, gender, comorbidities, and previous antidepressant use. The accuracy and completeness of the AI-generated recommendations are rigorously verified in by clinicians prior to any medication changes, adhering to FDA safety requirements. A primary goal of the project is to evaluate how conversational AI impacts patient-centered outcomes, specifically patient perceptions of empathy, therapeutic bond, and communication quality. Patients with major depressive disorder will be recruited online, enhancing participant diversity and representativeness. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the conversational AI or the structured questionnaire method. Outcomes will include differences in data completeness, patient perceptions of empathy, and strength of therapeutic alliance. Beyond immediate clinical outcomes, the project's methodological advancements, particularly the development of robust, bias-mitigated conversational systems and comprehensive patient simulation for AI testing, will have broad applicability across healthcare domains. The conversational AI and patient simulator will be made publicly available at no cost, providing tools that other researchers, clinicians, and healthcare providers can utilize and adapt to various health contexts. Patient and stakeholder engagement is integral to the study. A representative advisory board, including patients with lived experience of depression, clinicians, mental health advocates, and researchers, guides all phases of the project. This collaborative framework ensures that the research remains patient-centered and responsive to real-world clinical needs and experiences.