This study aims to optimize pediatric vaccine scheduling in China . The first objective is to gather information on current vaccine schedules in China. The second objective is to evaluate the impact of simultaneous vaccination and combination vaccines on costs and vaccination rates through feedback from caregivers and vaccination staff.
The first objective will comprehensively collect vaccination programs for children under 6 years old in all 31 provinces of China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), covering both NIP and non-NIP vaccines that are suitable for children. The second objective is to evaluate the impact of simultaneous vaccination and combination vaccines on costs and vaccination rates. This will involve analyzing vaccination coverage for simultaneous vaccines across different regions in China, as well as assessing caregivers' perspectives on simultaneous vaccination, including their willingness, preferences, and factors influencing their vaccination decisions. Additionally, the study will explore vaccination staff attitudes, recommendation behaviors, and their reasons for recommending simultaneous and combination vaccines. For the survey, the sample will consist of caregivers of children (aged between 2 to 59 months) from 10 representative provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions as well as vaccination staff from institutions in the respective regions.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
6,000
This is an observational study without any interventions.
Peking University Health Science Center
Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
The economic value of optimized vaccination scheduling strategies
This study will comprehensively collect vaccination programs for children under 6 years old in all 31 provinces of China (excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), covering both NIP and non-NIP vaccines that are suitable for children. The economic value of optimized vaccination scheduling strategies with simultaneous vaccination and combination vaccines will be assessed using a cost-minimization and budget impact model with inputs collected in this study. The optimized vaccination scheduling strategie will be collected in this study through a literature review, a cross-sectional caregiver survey, a survey among vaccination staff, and an observational time and motion chart among the latter population.
Time frame: 2025.08-2025.09
Caregivers' willingness to simultaneous vaccination and combined vaccines
To evaluate the acceptance and willingness of different vaccination strategies, the survey will collect caregivers' knowledge, attitudes, and preferences on optimized vaccine scheduling strategies including simultaneous vaccination and combination vaccines, as well as factors influencing their decisions , such as the vaccination status of siblings of other children and elderly family members over 60 years old. The primary outcome variable will be willingness to simultaneous vaccination and combined vaccines, assessed using a 5-point ordinal scale (from "very unwilling" to "very willing").
Time frame: 2025.08-2025.09
Immunization records and vaccination coverage
Using data collected from children's immunization records, a retrospective analysis will explore how previous simultaneous vaccination behaviors affect their vaccination rate. By comparing the vaccination rates at different ages between children receiving vaccines concomitantly vs. separately and children who uses combination vaccines vs. single vaccines, the study will evaluate whether the optimized vaccine scheduling strategies including simultaneous vaccination and combination vaccines have an impact on children's vaccination coverage.
Time frame: 2025.08-2025.09
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Recommendation to simultaneous vaccination and combined vaccines
A survey will be used to evaluate the attitudes and recommendation behaviors among vaccination staff towards optimized vaccine scheduling strategies including simultaneous vaccination and combination vaccines. The outcome variable will be recommendation behavior, assessed on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly recommend" to "strongly not recommend". To examine the perceived difficulty of vaccine scheduling, the survey will collect potential contributing factors: complexity of immunization schedules, inaccuracy of manual scheduling, limited implementation of simultaneous vaccination strategies, insufficient use of combination vaccines, high demand for catch-up vaccination, and lack of clear guidance for non-NIP vaccines.
Time frame: 2025.08-2025.09
Vaccine hesitancy
Questions were designed in the questionnaire to evaluate the degree of vaccine hesitancy of interviewees. Respondents will be asked abound their confidence, convenience and complacency about vaccination of different non-NIP vaccines, so as to further explore the influencing factors of people's vaccination behaviors.
Time frame: 2025.08-2025.09