Evaluating an Audiology Text-Message Protocol to Support Hearing Aid Use in NHS Adult Audiology Patients

Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly/Adults (HHIE/A): (Ventry and Weinstein 1982)

The HHIE is a 25-item questionnaire designed to assess the effects of hearing loss on the emotional (n = 13), social and situational adjustment (n = 12) of older people, scored using a three-point scale (4 = yes; 2 = sometimes; 0 = no). A higher score indicates a more severe level of handicap.

Time frame: Week 1, Week 16, 28

Auditory Lifestyle and Demand questionnaire (ALDQ): (Gatehouse 1999)

The ALDQ (Gatehouse, 1999) is a questionnaire assessing auditory lifestyle. It describes a range of listening environments that are experienced by the PHL and the extent to which auditory requirements play a role in daily functioning. It is a 24-item questionnaire with two subscales: lifestyle and demand. Lifestyle scores are computed by totalling the 24 item responses in the subscale (maximum points 48). The demand subscale is calculated by multiplying the Lifestyle subscale with its corresponding importance weighting. The 24 products are then totalled to create a Demand score for the subject (maximum 96 points). Both the 'lifestyle' and 'demand' subscales are converted to percentage scores.

Time frame: Week 1, Week 16, 28

International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA) (Cox and Alexander 2002)

The IOI-HA consists of seven questions each probing a separate area related to hearing aid use including usage benefit, satisfaction, quality of life, impact on others and residual difficulties. Responses to the items are assigned a value of 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating a more favourable outcome.

Time frame: Week 16, 28

Hearing Related Lifestyle (HEARLI-Q) (Lelic, Wolters et al. 2022)

The HEARLI-Q is a questionnaire consisting of 23 listening situations that participants rate on frequency of occurrence, importance to hear well, difficulty to hear and hearing aid satisfaction. Scores are calculated as follows: * Richness of Hearing-Related Lifestyle = (sum of all occurrence scores/92) × 100 in order to arrive at a score between 0 and 100. * Hearing Demand = (sum of \[occurrence × importance\]/368) × 100 in order to arrive at a score between 0 and 100. * Hearing Difficulty = average of the difficulty scores * Hearing Aid Satisfaction = average of the satisfaction scores excluding the response "I don't wear hearing aids in this situation." The situations in which participants do not wear hearing aids are reported alongside the overall hearing aids satisfaction score.

Time frame: Week 16, 28 Week 1, Week 16, 28

Hearing related adaptive strategies (AStra) (Fischer 2024)

The AStra questionnaire is an 18-item questionnaire assessing the type of strategies patients use in their everyday life to cope with hearing difficulties. Each item is rated on a seven-point scale ranging from never to always. Items are scores on three scales: i) selection; ii) optimization, iii) compensation. To score scale selection items 5 and 6 are inverted and the mean of items 1-6 is calculated. For scale optimisation the mean of items 7-12 is calculated and for scale compensation the mean of items 13-18 is calculated.

Time frame: Week 1, Week 16, 28

Big Five Inventory (BFI) (John 1991)

The BFI is a 44-item inventory that measures an individual on the Big Five Factors (dimensions) of personality. It comprised of five dimensions: i) extraversion versus introversion, ii) agreeableness versus antagonism, iii) conscientiousness versus lack of direction, iv) neuroticism versus emotional stability, v) openness versus closedness to experience. Each item is rated on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly). The following items should be reverse scores: Extraversion: items 6R, 21R, 31R; Agreeableness: items 2R, 12R, 27R, 37R; Conscientiousness: items 8R, 18R, 23R, 43R; Neuroticism: items 9R, 24R, 34R; Openness: items 35R, 41R. After reverse scoring, find the total score for E(Extroversion), A (Agreeableness), C (Conscientiousness), N (Neuroticism), and O (Openness).

Time frame: Week 1

Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction (SAPS) (Hawthorne, Sansoni et al. 2014)

A seven-item scale that assesses patient satisfaction with their treatment. It assesses the core domains of patient satisfaction which include treatment satisfaction, explanation of treatment results, clinician care, participation in medical decision making, respect by the clinician, time with the clinician, and satisfaction with hospital/clinic care. Responses scales are on a 5-point scale. To score, reverse the scores for items 1, 3, 5 and 7; then sum all scores. The score range is from 0 (extremely dissatisfied) to 28 (extremely satisfied).

Time frame: Week 1, 28

Measure of Audiologic Rehabilitation Self-Efficacy for Hearing Aids (MARS-HA): (West and Smith 2007)

The MARS-HA is a 24 item self-assessment of a patient's ability to do certain activities with a hearing aid as well as the patient's abilities to hear in certain situations. The MARS-HA measures four factors: 1) Basic Handling, 2) Advanced Handling, 3) Adjustment, and 4) Aided Listening. The MARS-HA subscale and total scale scores are calculated by taking the average of the item responses. An average less than or equal to 80% indicates a low or moderate self-efficacy.

Time frame: Week 1, Week 16, 28

Short Form Patient Activation Measure (PAM) (Hibbard, Mahoney et al. 2005)

A 13-item validated questionnaire assesses the knowledge, skills, and confidence of patients to self-manage their health. Participants indicated how much each statement applies to them on a four-point scale: 0 (disagree strongly) to 3 (agree strongly). Scores are summed and converted into an activation score between 0-100 (0 = no activation, 100 = high activation).

Time frame: Week 1, 3, 16, 28

Empowerment Audiology Questionnaire (EmpAQ-15) (Bennett, Larsson et al. 2024)

the EmpAQ -15 is a 15 item questionnaire to measure empowerment in adults with hearing loss. Participants respond to items using a 4 point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Each item is scored on a scale from 1 to 4 (e.g. strongly disagree = 1). Not applicable is scored as missing. Calculate the mean score by summing the response scores divided by the number of items answered. Subtract 1 and multiply by 33.33. The final score is presented as a scale with a range between 0-100% with a high % indicating a higher level of empowerment.

Time frame: Week 1, 3, 16, 28

Expected Consequences of Hearing aid Ownership (ECHO): (Cox and Alexander 2000)

The ECHO is a 15-item questionnaire for measuring expectations about hearing aids. There are four subscales: positive effect, service and cost, negative features and personal image. The response to each item is scored from 1-7. For all subscales, a higher score is indicative of a more favourable inclination toward the hearing aid. In the 'negative features' subscale, a higher score can be interpreted as reflecting a lack of knowledge or concern about potentially problematic issues. An average score is calculated for each subscale. The Global Score is the mean of the scores for all the items.

Time frame: Week 1, 3, 16, 28

Stigma Consciousness Questionnaire for Hearing Loss (SCQ-HL): (Vincent, Gagné et al. 2017)

The SCQ-HL is a 10-item self-report questionnaire that measures the extent to which respondents expect to be stereotyped because of their disability, social role or sexual orientation. Each statement is rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 0 (completely disagree) to 6 (completely agree). The scale includes a midpoint of 3, denoting 'neither agree nor disagree'. A high total score indicates that a respondent's level of stigma consciousness is high.

Time frame: Week 1, 16, 28

Patient Global Impression Scale - Improvement (PGI-I) (Guy, 1976)

The PGI-I is a one-item questionnaire that asks an individual patient to rate at endpoint the perceived change in his/her daily listening and communication in response to an intervention. It is rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). A low score indicates that respondent's daily listening and communication is very much better than before wearing hearing aids.

Time frame: Week 16, 28

Health Utilities Index (HUI-III) (Feeny, Furlong et al. 2002)

The HUI-III measures health-related quality of life. It comprises of eight attributes (Vision, Hearing, Speech, Ambulation, Dexterity, Emotion, Cognition and Pain) within each attribute there are five or six levels of ability/disability.

Time frame: Week 1, 16, 28

EQ-5D-3L (Oppe, Devlin et al. 2014)

The EQ -5D-3L comprise of five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression). The patient indicates their health status by ticking the box next to the most appropriate statement in each dimension ranging from no problems to extreme problems. Each health state can be assigned a summary index score ranging from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating high health utility.

Time frame: Week 1, 16, 28

Data logging from the text-message intervention

Data such as text-message receipt data, how many reminder messages were sent and the number of participants who opted-out of the text-messages will be recorded directly from the Florence telehealth system. Other information such as the type of goals/plans set within the text-message intervention and patient keyword text inputs will be recorded.

Time frame: Week 28