Echo-guided Scalp Blocks and Incidence of Postoperative Pain in Scheduled Supratentorial Intracranial Surgery.

Overview

Up to 30% of patients undergoing intracranial surgery present moderate to severe pain. In this type of surgery, the restriction of the pharmacopoeia, which goes against the concept of multimodal analgesia, results in the important use of opioids not without consequences in terms of complications. Numerous studies have highlighted the benefits of scalp blocks in postoperative pain. The originality of this study lies firstly in the fact that the scalp blocks will be guided by ultrasound and secondly, the incidence of severe pain after scalp blocks will be evaluated

In neurosurgery, up to 30% of patients experience severe pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale \> 5) after craniotomy. In order to ensure optimal patient comfort during the perioperative period, multimodal analgesia is the rule. However, the use of certain analgesics in this type of surgery is discussed. The two analgesics most used in this type of surgery are paracetamol and opioids. The latter, used in large quantities, can lead to an increase in drowsiness, disrupt the postoperative neurological clinical examination (Glasgow score, etc.), cause nausea/vomiting or respiratory depression which will increase complications and the length of stay of patients. Despite the use of morphine and its adverse effects, some study highlighted the high incidence of pain, particularly severe pain in post-craniotomy surgery. Whether it is to improve postoperative pain or to decrease the intraoperative hemodynamic response, many studies have underlined the interest of scalp block in the postoperative analgesia of craniotomies. Even if large randomized clinical trials are necessary, scalp blocks have been evaluated in subdural hematoma evacuation surgeries, in awake neurosurgeries or in Arnold neuralgia. Intraoperative arterial hypertension induces a risk of increased bleeding and an increase in intracranial pressure with the consequent consequences on cerebral perfusion pressure. These hemodynamic variations, whether intra or post operative, are a source of adverse events. However, the results of the different studies appear to be discordant and are more interested in the comparison of pain scores and not in the incidence of severe pain. Scalp blocks are mostly performed from anatomical landmarks. In addition, the scalp, which is richly vascularized, is a source of intravascular passage of local anesthetics. Ultrasound-guided scalp blocks are part of this morphine-sparing and multimodal analgesia approach and would allow the realization of a locoregional anesthesia by decreasing, through the use of ultrasound, the risks of intravascular injection and the quantity of local anesthetic. This study is one of the first to evaluate the impact of an ultrasound-guided scalp block on the incidence of severe postoperative pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale \> 4) in supratentorial intracranial surgery.