Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication

Inclusion Criteria: * patients aged 18-70 years, regardless of gender; * absent history of receiving H. pylori eradication therapy; * diagnosed with H. pylori infection through at least one of the following methods: rapid urease test, ¹³C/¹⁴C-urea breath test, or histopathological examination. Exclusion Criteria: * patients with incomplete medical records, including missing treatment details, absence of post-treatment follow-up test results, or failure to complete essential follow-up assessments; * patients who received treatment regimens that did not comply with the quadruple regimens specified in this study.