Evaluation of the Clinical Course of NERD and Assessment of the Esophageal Mucosa Resistance

Overview

GERD is characterized by a high prevalence (about 13.3%) and is associated with a deterioration in the quality of life, as well as an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and a rise in the number of refractory cases. NERD is one of the forms of GERD, accounting for about 70% of all cases, and is characterized by symptoms that reduce the quality of life. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the basic therapy for NERD, up to 40% of patients do not achieve an optimal clinical outcome. GERD symptoms seriously affect the quality of life and performance, which makes the study of complex therapy relevant. One of the mechanisms of GERD is a violation of the barrier function of the esophageal mucosa, associated with an increase in epithelial permeability due to the dysfunction of intercellular junction proteins, such as claudins and occludin. The study of methods to increase tissue resistance and cytoprotection, together with acid-suppressive therapy, is a promising direction, especially for refractory forms of NERD. It is relevant to study the complex treatment of NERD in order to change the clinical course of the disease and improve the tissue resistance of the esophageal mucosa. These hypotheses and theses emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to the treatment of NERD and a research focus on improving the barrier functions of the esophagus

The relevance of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in clinical practice today is associated with its high prevalence, significant reduction in patients' quality of life, increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, and a growing number of cases resistant to standard antisecretory therapy. Recent estimates indicate a global prevalence of GERD at approximately 13.3%. Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is a GERD phenotype characterized by reflux-induced symptoms that impair quality of life without esophageal mucosal erosions detectable by conventional endoscopy, and occurring in the absence of ongoing antisecretory therapy. According to the literature, about 70% of GERD cases are attributed to the NERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the cornerstone of NERD therapy; however, studies reveal that up to 40% of patients do not achieve optimal clinical outcomes with PPI therapy. Notably, the significant impact of GERD symptoms on patients' quality of life and work capacity represents a crucial medical and social issue, underscoring the relevance of exploring combination therapies and addressing the key pathogenetic factors of the disease. One of the leading mechanisms in the development of the disease is the impaired barrier function of the esophageal mucosa, a critical aspect of which is increased epithelial permeability due to disrupted intercellular resistance resulting from the dysfunction of tight junction proteins. Major proteins involved in intercellular adhesion include claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-4, and occludin, whose primary cytoprotective role is to prevent the diffusion of H+ ions and other active luminal substances into the esophageal mucosa. Investigating ways to enhance tissue resistance and cytoprotection by targeting the barrier function of the esophageal mucosa, alongside standard acid-suppressive therapy, represents a promising approach in NERD treatment, particularly for refractory cases. Thus, it is pertinent to study the role of comprehensive treatment of NERD in altering the clinical course of the disease and the tissue resistance parameters of the esophageal mucosa. 2\. Novelty of the Proposed Topic Based on Literature Sources and Patent Documentation The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive examination of the following parameters: 1. The impact of combination therapy on the clinical and morphological characteristics of NERD. 2. The influence of combination therapy on the expression of intercellular adhesion proteins of the esophageal mucosa. 3. The relationship between tissue resistance parameters of the esophageal mucosa, motor function efficacy, inflammation severity, and the occurrence of symptoms characteristic of NERD. 4. Evaluation of daily pH-impedance metrics, including esophageal mucosa impedance through the baseline impedance level measurements, before and after combination therapy. 5. Assessment of high-resolution manometry parameters before and after the application of combination therapy. Research Aim: The aim of this study is to enhance the effectiveness of treating non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients by implementing a novel therapeutic approach aimed at achieving a complete clinical response and improving the tissue resistance of the esophageal mucosa. Research Objectives: 1. Evaluate the impact of combination therapy with Rebamipide and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) on the clinical course of NERD after four weeks of treatment compared to PPI monotherapy. Assess the intensity of symptoms using a Likert scale questionnaire (including intensity of heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, belching, cough, and sensation of mucus in the throat) before treatment and 4 weeks after the start of therapy. 2. Compare the laboratory and instrumental characteristics of NERD patients before and after combination therapy with PPI and Rebamipide: 2.1 Assess 24-hour pH-impedance measurements, including acid exposure time, gastroesophageal refluxes number, DeMeester index, reflux type, reflux pattern, symptom index (SI), symptom association probability (SAP), mean nocturnal basal impedance (MNBI) before therapy and 4 weeks after the start of therapy. 2.2 Study high-resolution manometry measurements with assessment of the following parameters: distal contractile integral, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, transient LES relaxations, esophagogastric junction complex type 3. Evaluate inflammatory changes in the esophageal mucosa based on data from esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) before and after combination therapy. 4. Examine the inflammatory changes in the esophageal mucosa (such as dilated intercellular spaces, intraepithelial eosinophils, intraepithelial neutrophils, intraepithelial mononuclear cells, basal cell hyperplasia, elongation of papillae in the lamina propria, and spongiosis) through morphological examination before treatment and again 4 weeks after the start of therapy. Assess intercellular space width through morphometry. 5. Analyze the effect of combination therapy on enhancing tissue resistance of the esophageal mucosa by influencing the expression of intercellular adhesion proteins the (claudin 1, claudin 3, claudin 4, and occludin) by immunohistochemistry both before treatment and 4 weeks after the start of therapy. 6. Assess the safety of combination therapy with Rebamipide and PPI in the treatment of NERD patients. Study Design: An open-label, prospective, randomized, single-center clinical study. Study Subjects and Planned Sample Size Justification: The study will include 60 patients diagnosed with NERD who meet the inclusion criteria and do not have any exclusion criteria. Evaluated Outcomes (Primary and Secondary Endpoints): Primary Endpoints (Direct Outcomes): Assessment of the severity of symptoms characteristic of NERD, evaluation of inflammatory changes in the esophageal mucosa based on morphological study data, and assessment of the expression of tight junction markers using immunohistochemistry four weeks after the start of therapy. Secondary Endpoints (Indirect Outcomes): Evaluation of pH-impedance metrics, including mucosal impedance of the esophagus, and high-resolution manometry three weeks after the start of therapy. Planned Research Methods (Statistical Analysis Techniques): The study involves analyzing clinical, anamnestic, and laboratory-instrumental data in 60 NERD patients before and after combination therapy: Collection of anamnesis and assessment of the objective status Completion of a Likert scale questionnaire (intensity of heartburn, regurgitation, retrosternal pain, belching, cough, mucus formation in the larynx) Clinical examination (complete blood count, general urine analysis, biochemical blood analysis); ECG with 12 leads EGD with biopsy sampling from the lower third of the esophageal mucosa, morphological study with assessment of inflammatory mucosal changes and intercellular space width Investigation of esophageal mucosa tight junction markers: claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-4, occludin via immunohistochemistry (IHC) 24-hour pH-impedance monitoring High-resolution esophageal manometry Anticipated Research Outcome: The research aims to determine the effectiveness of combination therapy in the clinical course of NERD and explore its impact on the tissue resistance of the esophageal mucosa in comparison with the standard PPI monotherapy.