Specific Dietary Fibers May Enhance Colonic Adaptation in Short Bowel Syndrome Through Microbial and Metabolic Mechanisms That Drive Functional Compensation.

All participants in Cohort 1 were recruited at the Eastern Theatre Command General Hospital (Nanjing, China) and provided written informed consent. The primary inclusion criterion was a confirmed diagnosis of type II or type III short bowel syndrome in patients aged 18 -70 years. Participants were excluded if they had other gastrointestinal diseases, malignant tumours, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases or renal insufficiency (severe kidney disease with creatinine levels exceeding 3.0 mg/dL), or if they had taken antibiotics for more than three days within the preceding three months.