Relationship Between Diabetes and Periodontitis

Overview

Diabetes mellitus, one of the major global health problems of the 21st century, is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by dysregulated nutrient metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion and action. Patients with diabetes mellitus are more likely to develop chronic periodontitis. A bidirectional relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis has been demonstrated. Dental complications of diabetes mellitus include periodontitis and dental caries. Dental caries, resulting from tooth demineralization, are more prevalent in diabetic individuals than in non-diabetic individuals. For adults, HbA1c levels were defined as \<7% ("good" control), HbA1c levels between 7% and 8% as "inadequate" control, and levels above 8% as "poor" control. In the study conducted by the investigators, patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and those diagnosed with periodontitis were grouped according to HbA1C levels, and the relationship between these levels and the stage/degree of periodontitis and the degree of caries was examined. Although studies on periodontal diseases and dental caries among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus exist in the literature, no study has, as far as is known that classifies HbA1c levels in patients with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes diagnosed with periodontitis and explains the relationship between these groups and the stage/degree of periodontitis and the degree of caries.

Mechanisms by which diabetes mellitus affects the periodontium have been reported, including altering host immune, inflammatory, and wound-healing responses, promoting the accumulation of advanced glycation end products, and inducing elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Periodontitis is a common chronic infectious disease that can lead to the destruction of periodontal supporting tissues. Pathologically, a hyperactive inflammatory response contributes to the progression of these two diseases. Diabetes mellitus, in particular, increases the risk of periodontitis by activating immune and inflammatory responses in periodontal tissues. These active responses lead to increased cytokine secretion, increased oxidative damage, and impaired receptor-mediated signaling. All of these events accelerate the breakdown of periodontal connective tissue and alveolar bone resorption, thereby exacerbating periodontitis. Conversely, periodontitis can lead to deranged glycemic control in diabetic patients. Dental complications of diabetes mellitus include periodontitis and dental caries. Dental caries, resulting from tooth demineralization, is more prevalent in diabetic individuals than in non-diabetic individuals. The combination of carbohydrate intake and insulin deficiency leads to hyposalivation and higher salivary glucose levels, both of which contribute to an increased risk of dental caries. Factors that increase the risk of dental caries include decreased plaque microbial flora, decreased buffering and cleansing activities of saliva, decreased salivary flow rate, and decreased calcium levels. Glycemic control can be measured in various ways. For this study, researchers focused on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which represents the average blood glucose levels over the previous 3 months. The study examined the relationship between the severity of periodontitis and the DMFT index according to HgA1C levels in diabetic patients. To our knowledge, no studies in the literature have classified HbA1c levels in patients with and without periodontitis, explaining the relationship between these groups and the stage/degree of periodontitis and the degree of caries. A standard periodontal examination was performed on the volunteers included in the study, and the gingival index (GI) (Loe \& Silness, 1963 ), plaque index (PI) (Silness \& Loe, 1964 ), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) (Ainamo \& Bay, 1975 ), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were determined at six sites for each tooth except the third molars. The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, declared by the World Health Organization, is an indicator of caries experience. During the intraoral examination, the total number of teeth and the status of teeth and fillings were recorded. Decayed teeth were examined visually and by radiographs. The numbers of decayed teeth (DT), missing teeth (MT), and filled teeth (FT) were recorded, and the DMFT index was calculated as the sum of DT+MT+FT.