The purpose of the study is to compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of newer inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) medications in anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) refractory patients with pediatric IBD (PIBD). Refractory means that there was no clinical response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs or that the if there was a response, it is no longer present. The main question this study aims to answer is: Are the newer medications used to treat IBD just as safe and effective for treating IBD in children. Participants will already be taking these newer medications as assigned by their regular health care provider.Participants' care will be managed by their regular healthcare provider as part of usual (standard) care for those with PIBD. While taking these medications, participants will be asked to answer questions about their symptoms and health periodically over the course of the study.
COMPARE is a multi-center, observational cohort study that includes both prospective and retrospective components and two patient population cohorts-Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The study will recruit pediatric IBD patients initiating non-anti-TNF biologics and small molecules that are FDA-approved for adult populations. The primary analyses in each cohort will compare the two most frequently used classes, with all IL-23 agents analyzed as a single class. Secondary comparisons will be conducted for any classes initiated by at least 50 participants. The investigators will also perform a retrospective cohort study using EHR data extracted from participating sites. IL-23 agents could be any of the following medications: * Vedolizumab (trade name Entyvio™) * Ustekinumab (trade name Stelara™) * Risankizumab (trade name Skyrizi™) * Guselkumab (trade name Tremfya™) * Mirikizumab (trade name Omvoh™) * Tofacitinib (trade name Xeljanz™) * Upadacitinib (trade name Rinvoq™) While taking these medications, participants (or parent/caregiver proxies) will complete patient-reported outcome surveys (PROS) at baseline, every 2 months for the first 12 months, and every 6 months during the 2nd and 3rd years of follow-up. The surveys will collect information about the participants' general health and well-being while taking these medications. Clinical follow-up will occur in the context of routine care (e.g., clinic visits, telehealth encounters) for a minimum of 1-year and up to 3 years after the index date, regardless of whether the participant remains on the index treatment. The study anticipates relatively standard follow-up for each participant, based on best clinical practice, while allowing for natural variation. The study will collect data abstracted from the medical charts of enrolled participants. Baseline data, including potential confounders described in the statistical analysis plan, will be collected by sites upon participant enrollment or shortly thereafter. Follow-up data will be collected with each outpatient gastrointestinal (GI) visit, hospitalization, surgery, colonoscopy, imaging test (MRI, CT, intestinal ultrasound), laboratory test (unless electronically captured), IBD medication change, and adverse events. In addition, structured electronic health record (EHR) data on enrolled participants will be extracted using automated queries utilizing the PCORnet® PCORnet Common Data Model (CDM) to supplement case report forms. EHR data extraction will include laboratory values, anthropometrics, emergency department (ED) visits (and diagnosis codes), hospitalizations (and diagnosis codes), antibiotic/antiviral prescriptions, encounter dates, and diagnosis codes for events of special interest (e.g., infections, malignancy, blood clots). The study will collect and record adverse events from participants and their caregivers, as well as via regular EHR queries using the PCORnet® CDM. Prospective enrollment is expected to take approximately 36 months with a minimum follow-up of 12 months for each participant (maximum of 36 months).
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
1,100
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
Duke Health System
Durham, North Carolina, United States
Measure of Crohn's disease (CD) impact on patients' daily lives (TUMMY CD)
The TUMMY CD patient reported outcome (PRO) has been developed and is undergoing validation. For our CD cohort, we will collect data on both the TUMMY-CD and the PROMIS IBD PROs. If TUMMY-CD is proven to be a reliable and valid PRO by the time of our data analysis, we will utilize this as our primary PRO. Otherwise, we will rely on PROMIS IBD PROs. Change will be calculated as the difference between baseline and post-baseline scores, with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity.
Time frame: Baseline, months 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36
Measures of ulcerative colitis (UC) impact on patients' daily lives (TUMMY UC)
Description: The TUMMY UC patient reported outcome (PRO) is a validated patient-reported outcome tool designed to assess gastrointestinal symptom burden in children and adolescents with ulcerative colitis (UC). Change will be calculated as the difference between baseline and post-baseline scores, with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity. Scores range from 0 to 114 with higher values indicating greater symptom burden.
Time frame: Baseline, months 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36
PROMIS Symptom Measure of Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD)
NIH Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) symptoms scale is a disease-specific PRO. Prior validation of the PROMIS IBD measure has demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.74), as well as discriminative and known groups validity. The PROMIS IBD symptom score has been standardized such that a T score of 50 represents the median score in the reference pediatric IBD population. T scores range from 40 to 80 with higher scores indicating higher symptom burden and a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 5. We will not use the PROMIS IBD for measure of UC
Time frame: Baseline, months 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36
Change in Pediatric PROMIS® Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) Pain Interference Score for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (CD and UC)
Pediatric Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) assesses domains relevant to children and adolescents with CD and UC and their reported pain score. PROMIS Pediatric PROs domains have been standardized such that a T score of 50 represents the median score in the reference pediatric IBD population with higher scores indicating higher symptom burden and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 5.
Time frame: Baseline, months 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36
Change in Pediatric PROMIS® Fatigue Score for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (CD and UC)
Pediatric Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) assesses domains relevant to children and adolescents with CD and UC and their reported fatigue score. PROMIS Pediatric PROs domains have been standardized such that a T score of 50 represents the median score in the reference pediatric IBD population with higher scores indicating higher symptom burden and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 5.
Time frame: Baseline, months 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36
Change in Pediatric PROMIS® Anxiety Score for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (CD and UC)
Pediatric Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) assesses domains relevant to children and adolescents with CD and UC and their reported anxiety score. PROMIS Pediatric PROs domains have been standardized such that a T score of 50 represents the median score in the reference pediatric IBD population with higher scores indicating higher symptom burden and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 5.
Time frame: Baseline, months 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36
Change in Pediatric PROMIS® Depression Score for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (CD and UC)
Pediatric Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) assesses domains relevant to children and adolescents with CD and UC and their reported depression score. PROMIS Pediatric PROs domains have been standardized such that a T score of 50 represents the median score in the reference pediatric IBD population with higher scores indicating higher symptom burden and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 5.
Time frame: Baseline, months 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36
Change in sPCDAI Score for Crohn's Disease
The short Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (sPCDAI) is a validated tool to assess disease activity in children with Crohn's disease. It is based on clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory values. Scores range from 0 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater disease activity. The outcome will be measured as the mean change in sPCDAI score from baseline to follow-up. T Scores ≤15 indicate remission, \> 15-29 mild disease and ≥30 indicate moderate to severe disease
Time frame: Each clinic visit (baseline through follow-up, up to 3 years)
Change in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) Score
The Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Index (PUCAI) is a patient-centered, 6-item measure assessing abdominal pain, stool characteristics, and patient functioning. Scores ranging from 0 - 85 with higher scores indicate more disease activity. A cut-point of \<10 indicates remission, ≥10 to 34 mild disease, ≥35-65 moderate disease, and ≥65 severe disease. Response is defined as a reduction of ≥ 20 points.
Time frame: Each clinic visit (baseline through follow-up, up to 3 years)
Change in Fecal Calprotectin Concentration (CD and UC)
Fecal calprotectin is a noninvasive biomarker of intestinal inflammation. Stool samples will be collected at baseline and follow-up visits. Calprotectin concentration will be measured in micrograms per gram (µg/g) of stool. The outcome will be measured as the mean change in fecal calprotectin from baseline to follow-up. Higher values indicate greater intestinal inflammation. A threshold of \< 150 μg/g will be used to define remission.
Time frame: 12 months after after taking prescribed medication for CD or UC
Number of Participants Experiencing Adverse Events (CD and UC)
Safety will be assessed by collecting and monitoring all adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Adverse events will be graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), where applicable. The outcome will be summarized as the number of participants experiencing AE/SAE of grade 2 or higher.
Time frame: After medication administration and every 3 months, up to 3 years
Proportion of Participants Experiencing Adverse Events (CD and UC)
Safety will be assessed by collecting and monitoring all adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Adverse events will be graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), where applicable. The outcome will be summarized as the proportion of participants experiencing AE/SAE of grade 2 or higher.
Time frame: After medication administration and every 3 months, up to 3 years
Exploration of Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects (HTE) Across Clinical Subgroups (CD and UC)
Heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) will be evaluated per baseline phenotype query that will run against the electronic health record (EHR) at sites. Treatment effects will be estimated within each subgroup (CD and UC) and compared to assess differential response patterns. This analysis is intended to identify variability in treatment response.
Time frame: Baseline through follow -up for up to 3 years
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