Mechanistic Studies of Chronic COPD Using Single-Cell Sequencing and Single-Cell Spatial Transcriptomics

Inclusion Criteria: * Receiving lung resection surgery at the hospital for any reason； * Diagnosed with COPD according to the 2024 GOLD guidelines； * Tissue samples that meet collection requirements and are either agreed to be collected or already preserved； Exclusion Criteria: * Improper preservation of pathological specimens, refusal to consent to sample collection, or incomplete clinical information； * Combined with other factors causing obstructive airflow limitation; * Diagnosed with asthma according to the GINA 2023 guidelines and with a history of asthma exacerbations within the past year; * Combined with Advanced lung cancer; * Receiving systemic immunosuppressive medications such as anti-rejection drugs;