Changes in Movement, Fitness, and Quality of Life in People With Parkinson's Disease After Different Exercise Programs

This study is a randomized, controlled, parallel-group trial designed to evaluate the effects of three distinct exercise interventions in individuals with Parkinson's disease. The study compares guided cycling, non-contact boxing, and traditional physical therapy, each representing different approaches to exercise based on differences in intensity, motor demands, and cardiovascular engagement. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of the three intervention groups using a computer-generated allocation process. Each participant will complete a structured intervention program consisting of supervised exercise sessions conducted twice weekly over an eight-week period. Interventions will be delivered in outpatient clinical and community-based settings under the supervision of licensed physical therapists, with exercise intensity and progression adjusted according to individual performance and tolerance. The total duration of participation is approximately 15 weeks and includes baseline assessment, an intervention phase, post-intervention testing, and a follow-up assessment following a four-week washout period without structured exercise. This design allows for evaluation of both immediate responses to training and short-term retention of exercise-related adaptations. The guided cycling intervention utilizes structured aerobic training performed on stationary ergometers, with workload adjusted based on individualized physiological responses. The non-contact boxing intervention incorporates large-amplitude, rhythmical, and task-specific movements designed to engage motor, cognitive, and cardiovascular systems simultaneously. The traditional physical therapy intervention reflects standard rehabilitation practice and includes a combination of aerobic conditioning, balance training, strengthening, and functional mobility exercises. All intervention sessions will be supervised by licensed physical therapists with support from trained personnel to ensure consistency of delivery and participant safety. Monitoring procedures will be used across all intervention groups to assess participant response and guide appropriate modification of activity as needed. This study is conducted within a collaborative clinical and academic framework to support standardized implementation of interventions and data collection. The findings are intended to improve understanding of how different exercise strategies may influence adaptation in individuals with Parkinson's disease and to inform the development of more targeted rehabilitation approaches. Study Design This is a single-site, randomized, controlled, interventional trial conducted in El Paso, Texas, with collaboration between the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) and MOVE Therapy Services. Participants will be randomized (computer-generated block randomization) into one of three intervention arms: 1. Guided Cycling Group 2. Non-Contact Boxing Group 3. Traditional Physical Therapy (Standard Care) Group The total duration for each participant is 15 weeks, consisting of: * Week 1: Baseline testing * Weeks 2-9: 8-week intervention (two 60-minute sessions per week) * Week 10: Post-intervention testing * Weeks 11-14: Four-week rest/washout * Week 15: Final follow-up testing All sessions will be led by licensed physical therapists with assistance from trained Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. Data collection will occur at UTEP's Rehabilitation Sciences Complex for the cycling and physical therapy groups, and at MOVE Therapy Services for the boxing group. Intervention Descriptions 1. Non-Contact Boxing: This intervention emphasizes large-amplitude, rhythmical, and task-specific movements that combine cognitive, motor, and cardiovascular elements. Sessions include warm-up, boxing rounds (heavy bag, speed bag, mitt work), agility and balance circuits, and cool-down routines. Participants wear gloves, engage in multi-directional footwork, and perform high-intensity drills under therapist supervision. HR and BP are continuously monitored for safety. 2. Guided Cycling: This program uses stationary cycle ergometers (Lode Corival) with intensity determined by participants' lactate threshold, established through cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Each session includes a warm-up, 40-minute cycling component with alternating low, moderate, and high-intensity bouts, and a cool-down. HR and RPE are recorded throughout. Lactate micro-sampling from the earlobe is used periodically to confirm workloads within prescribed zones. 3. Traditional Physical Therapy (Standard Care): This intervention incorporates multimodal training emphasizing aerobic exercise, resistance and balance training, gait practice, and task-specific functional activities. Intensity is set between 60-85% HRmax, adjusted by perceived exertion and HR monitoring. Each session includes warm-up, treadmill or cycling intervals, balance tasks with and without visual cues, strength training, and community-oriented gait exercises. Safety is ensured through therapist supervision, gait belts, and appropriate rest breaks.