The purpose of this study is to evaluate the interaction between white potato consumption and meal timing on glycemic response, subjective appetite, and energy intake in adults. The investigators hypothesize that white potatoes will modulate glycemic response, enhance satiety, and mitigate subsequent meal consumption and overall food intake when compared with meals containing low glycemic carbohydrates. Furthermore, they anticipate that the timing of white potato consumption will yield differential effects, with breakfast consumption exerting a more pronounced impact on satiety and subsequent food intake reduction compared to dinner consumption.
A randomized within-subject repeated measures experiment will be used to study the interaction between white potato consumption and meal timing on glycemic response, subjective appetite, and energy intake in adults. In Experiment 1, participants will consume, in a random order on separate mornings, one of six test meals consisting of an egg omelette and a test side of: (1) Oven-baked home fries, (2) Oven-baked white russet potatoes, (3) Deep-fried, quick serve fries, (4) Oven-baked fries, (5) Oven-baked cauliflower tots, or (6) no side. Acute glycemic response and subjective appetite will be measured at baseline and over 120-mins post treatment consumption. At 120-min, food intake will be evaluated via an ad libitum lunch. Rest of day food intake and glycemic response will be collected until the participant goes to bed. Blood glucose measurements will be collected using the Dexcom G7 continuous glucose monitoring system.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
30
Oven-baked Home Fries (241 g; McCain Ltd.). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
Oven-baked White Russet Potato (299 g). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
Oven-baked Fries (201 g; McCain Ltd.). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
Deep Fried, Quick Serve Fries (108 g; McCain Ltd.). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
Oven-baked Cauliflower Veggie Tots (186 g; Green Giant). Test treatments matched for calories (284 kcal)
No side control (no caloric contribution).
Centre for Urban Innovation (CUI-109), School of Nutrition, Toronto Metropolitan University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
RECRUITINGGlycemic Response (Acute Phase)
Blood glucose (mmol/L). Blood glucose concentrations will be measured using a Dexcom G7 CGM system.
Time frame: Change from baseline (measured at baseline (0-minute), 15-minute, 30-minute, 60-minute, 90-minute, and 120-minute post-treatment consumption).
Rest-of-day Blood Glucose
Blood glucose (mmol/L). Rest-of-day blood glucose concentrations will be determined using a Dexcom G7 CGM system.
Time frame: Continuous measurements for 24 hours post-treatment consumption.
Ad Libitum Food Intake
Lunch pizza meal. Food intake will be determined by weighing the meal before and after serving. The net weight of the test meal will be converted to calories.
Time frame: At 120 minutes post-treatment consumption
Subjective Appetite
A visual analogue scale (VAS) with four questions will be administered to assess desire to eat, fullness, hunger, and prospective food consumption. Individual questions will be used to form a composite score. Each VAS will be administered via a digital software application (Express VAS, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) on a Dell tablet where participants will place an 'X" on the VAS line (100 unit scale).
Time frame: Change from baseline (measured at baseline (0-minute), 15-minute, 30-minute, 60-minute, 90-minute, and 120-minute post-treatment consumption).
Rest-of-day Food Intake
Participants will be sent home with a rest-of-the-day food intake recall sheet to record their snacks, meals, and beverages. Rest of day food log.
Time frame: For the rest of the day following test session completion (1 day)
Subjective Emotions
A visual analogue scale (VAS) with thirteen questions will be administered to assess subjective emotions and mood (aggression, anger, excitement, disappointment, happiness, upset, frustration, alertness, sadness, tension, exhaustion, calmness, and sleepiness). Individual questions will be used to form a composite emotion score. Each VAS will be administered via a digital software application (Express VAS, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) on a Dell tablet where participants will place an 'X" on the VAS line (100 unit scale).
Time frame: Change from baseline (measured at baseline (0-minute), 15-minute, 30-minute, 60-minute, 90-minute, and 120-minute post-treatment consumption).
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