Clinicolaboratory Predictors of Outcome in Children With Encephalitis

Overview

. A glycolytic enzyme called enolase is primarily found in neurons. A dimeric isoform of enolase called neuron-specific enolase (NSE) exists. It can be found in neurons, platelets, erythrocytes, and other neuroectodermal cells.It is one of the laboratory biomarkers that could be investigated in cases of encephalopathy, which can be found in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid, might be a helpful biomarker for determining brain injury prognosis and neuronal damage.(4) High S-100beta levels were associated with higher intensive care unit mortality and represented the strongest independent predictor of intensive care unit survival, whereas neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and the Glasgow Coma Scale failed to predict fatal outcome.(5) (NSE) and S100B are important as a diagnostic and a prognostic value in pediatric encephalopathy which is common and is potentially life threatening, previous studies were done worldwide to detect its diagnostic and prognostic value in acute encephalopathy among adult and pediatric age groups.(4) ,so we asses (NSE) and S100B to detect the the out come of acute encephalopathy

Acute encephalopathy is the generic term for acute brain dysfunction caused by various agents, such as infection, metabolic disease, hepatic or renal dysfunctions, and hypertension;causing change in mental status that affects cognition or level of alertness in the patient. The pathological substrate of acute encephalopathy is diffuse or widespread non-inflammatory brain edema..(1) The key for establishing evidence of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is the analysis of CSF. Lumbar puncture (LP) is often excessively delayed, primarily due to performing brain imaging to exclude raised intracranial pressure. Not all patients need imaging before LP, and consensus guidelines suggest a few clear indications for imaging. If these are present, then either a computed tomography (CT) scan or, ideally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be obtained urgently. Following this, if there are no radiological contraindications, LP should be performed as soon as possible. Brain imaging serves three purposes: to look for changes of encephalitis, to exclude alternative diagnoses, and to assess patency of the basal cisterns and an absence of mass effect so that LP can proceed.(2) Biochemical markers can be used in addition to neuroimaging techniques to evaluate the extent of brain injuries and to enable earlier diagnosis and faster intervention. Among the potential biomarkers of brain injuries, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B are the most frequently studied and were shown to be the most promising.(3).