Association Between Preoperative Metformin Exposure and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia

The incidence PONV during 0-24 hour after surgery

PONV is defined as the occurrence of any of the following symptoms: nausea, retching, or vomiting

Time frame: During 0-24 hour after surgery

The incidence PONV during 24-120 hour after surgery

Trained blinded investigators collected information about PONV recorded by either the participants and their family members or medical staff in the ward every 24 h during the first 120 h after surgery.

Time frame: During 24-120 hour after surgery

The total severity of PONV during 0-120 hour after surgery

Assessment was performed using a simplified Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Impact Scale. Nausea severity was scored as follows: 0 (none), 1 (occasional), 2 (frequent), and 3 (continuous). Vomiting or retching was scored based on the number of episodes: 0, 1, 2, or 3 (or ≥3 episodes). The scores for nausea and vomiting/retching were summed to generate a total daily score for each 24-hour postoperative period. A total daily score of ≥5 was defined as clinically significant PONV. The overall PONV severity from 0 to 120 hours postoperatively was calculated as the sum of the daily scores over this period, providing a cumulative measure of symptom burden.

Time frame: During 0-120 hour after surgery

The severity of PONV during 0-24 hour after surgery

Assessment was performed using a simplified Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Impact Scale. Nausea severity was scored as follows: 0 (none), 1 (occasional), 2 (frequent), and 3 (continuous). Vomiting or retching was scored based on the number of episodes: 0, 1, 2, or 3 (or ≥3 episodes). The scores for nausea and vomiting/retching were summed to generate a total daily score for each 24-hour postoperative period. A total daily score of ≥5 was defined as clinically significant PONV.

Time frame: During 0-24 hour after surgery

The severity of PONV during 24-120 hour after surgery

Assessment was performed using a simplified Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Impact Scale. Nausea severity was scored as follows: 0 (none), 1 (occasional), 2 (frequent), and 3 (continuous). Vomiting or retching was scored based on the number of episodes: 0, 1, 2, or 3 (or ≥3 episodes). The scores for nausea and vomiting/retching were summed to generate a total daily score for each 24-hour postoperative period. A total daily score of ≥5 was defined as clinically significant PONV. The overall PONV severity from 25 to 120 hours postoperatively was calculated as the sum of the daily scores over this period.

Time frame: During 24-120 hour after surgery

Use of antiemetics during 0-24 hours after surgery

Use of antiemetics after surgery

Time frame: During 0-24 hours after surgery

Use of antiemetics during 24-120 hours after surgery

Use of antiemetics after surgery

Time frame: During 24-120 hours after surgery

Use of antiemetics during 0-120 hours after surgery

Use of antiemetics after surgery

Time frame: During 0-120 hours after surgery

Quality of Recovery (QoR-15 score) from 0 to 120 hour after surgery

The QoR-15 is a 15-item questionnaire instrument designed to evaluate the quality of postoperative recovery in patients. It comprises five sub-scales: pain (2 items), physical comfort (5 items), physical independence (2 items), psychological support (2 items), and emotional state (4 items). Each item is scored from 0 to 10, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 150. A higher score indicates a better quality of recovery for the patient.

Time frame: Evaluated before surgery, at 24-hour, 48-hour, 72-hour, 96-hour, 120-hour after surgery