Validation of the DIVA (Day to Day Impact of Vaginal Aging) Questionnaire for Portuguese Women

Overview

To determine the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the DIVA questionnaire in Portuguese women. This validation will support its use both in research and in routine clinical practice in this population.

Prior to the initiation of this research protocol, the DIVA questionnaire was translated into European Portuguese following recommended best-practice guidelines. The process included the following sequential steps: (1) forward translation by two independent investigators; (2) reconciliation of the translations; (3) back-translation by two certified translators fluent in English; (4) unification and harmonization of the Portuguese version; (5) expert review by a panel of specialists in gynecology and sexology; and (6) pretesting in a group of patients, with final cultural adaptation of the DIVA scale into European Portuguese. Symptoms that cannot be directly quantified but significantly affect quality of life can be assessed through self-reported health questionnaires. These clinical instruments play a key role: not only in identifying the clinical problem, but also in evaluating its individual impact across multiple psychological and physical dimensions, thereby helping to determine the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies in improving such subjective symptoms. For research to be valid, these instruments must be both appropriate and accurate in order to ensure the quality of the results. Ageing in women has a significant impact on genital health, giving rise to a set of symptoms and signs collectively referred to as the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). This clinical condition affects approximately 50% of postmenopausal women. While the urinary component of GSM can be quantified through validated diagnostic tests, vulvovaginal atrophy cannot be objectively measured. Its severity increases with advancing age, impacting self-esteem, well-being, and sexuality. Nevertheless, it often remains a taboo subject-stigmatized by women and under recognized by physicians. In this context, the DIVA questionnaire (Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging) combines the advantages of being practical for use in population-based studies, of transforming subjective measures into objective, quantifiable and analyzable data, and of assessing the relative weight of each domain or component of female genital atrophy on quality of life. Other advantages of this questionnaire lie in the fact that it is a well-studied and validated instrument, with the ability to assess therapeutic interventions. It has also been adapted into languages other than English-including Spanish, Italian, German and Turkish-and has been validated within these cultural contexts. The DIVA questionnaire assesses and quantifies the impact of female genital ageing. It consists of 23 items organised into four constructs, covering the following dimensions: daily activities, emotional well-being, sexual function, and self-concept/body image. Two versions of the questionnaire are available: the full version with 23 items, which includes four items within the sexual function construct that can only be answered by women who are sexually active; and a shorter version with 19 items, which can be applied regardless of sexual activity status. Each item is rated on a five-point Likert scale, and the score for each dimension is calculated as the mean of the corresponding items, with higher scores indicating a greater adverse impact of atrophic symptoms. The inclusion criteria were assured by several filter questions, including at least one genital (vagina or vulvar) complain; symptoms such as 1-dryness, 2-irritation, 3-pruritus,4- burning or vaginal pain or after intercourse, 5- soreness or after intercourse, 6- dyspareunia, 7- bleed or bad smell discharge after sexual intercourse or other sexual activity. A paper-pencil version of the survey was given to women participating at the screening trial, by one of our research partners. The study was approved by the Ethical Commission for Health of Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (CES ARS-LVT) and the Ethical Commission of Local Health Unit of the Leiria Region. For the normative convenience sample of the general population, participants will be recruited from a large urban primary care centre, the Sete Rios Personalized Health Care Unit (UCSP), in Lisbon. For the clinical convenience sample, participants will be recruited from the general gynecology outpatient clinic of a private hospital (Hospital Dom Manuel de Aguiar) and from the urogynecology outpatient clinic of a public hospital (Hospital Santo André), both located in an urban centre in Leiria. The participants sample size was determined considering the recommendations of Hair et al. That is, dimension more than 100 participants and the rule of thumb has been at least 10 participants for each scale item, i.e., an ideal ratio of respondents to items is 10:18, corresponding to 23x10 that is at least 230. The study variables are collected through a self-administered form completed by the participants. This form includes five questionnaires: a genital atrophy symptom questionnaire, sociodemographic data, the DIVA questionnaire, the EQ-5D, and the short version of the Female Sexual Function Questionnaire. Recruitment for the project will be carried out by the investigators involved. Participant selection will be voluntary and conducted by convenience sampling, in a non-random manner. In all cases, individuals referred to the study must provide prior free and informed consent by signing the informed consent form, after confirmation that they meet all inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria. The participant will then be provided with the informed consent form to read carefully, while the study is explained orally. After obtaining written informed consent, the participant will complete the designated questionnaire form, identified by a participant ID number assigned sequentially. An investigator will always be available to clarify any questions that may arise during the self-completion of the form. To evaluate psychometric properties of the questionnaire six measures will be addressed, namely: Rate of completion and distribution of scores, structural validity with confirmatory factor analysis, assessment of internal consistency, inter- item and item-total correlation finally convergent and divergent validity. To this end, the data were entered and analysed in the Jamovi program.

Conditions

Eligibility

Locations (1)

Outcomes