Preoperative Psychotherapy and Its Effects on Anxiety, Hemodynamics, and Pain in Living Kidney Donors

Overview

Chronic kidney failure is a condition in which the kidneys progressively lose their ability to filter waste, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and support essential physiological functions. When kidney function (glomerular filtration rate, GFR) decreases below 15 ml/min/1.73 m\^2, the condition is classified as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and treatment such as dialysis or kidney transplantation becomes necessary. Kidney transplantation improves quality of life and survival for individuals with ESRD. However, the transplantation process is physically and psychologically stressful for both recipients and living kidney donors. Preoperative anxiety in donors may adversely affect the surgical process, pain perception, recovery, and overall clinical outcomes. Psychiatric support prior to surgery may help reduce anxiety and improve physiological stability, pain control, and patient satisfaction during the perioperative period. Such support may also reduce the requirement for analgesic medications and prevent related complications. This study aims to evaluate the effects of preoperative psychiatric consultation on perioperative anxiety levels, intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, postoperative pain scores, and complication rates in living kidney donors.

Chronic kidney failure is a condition in which the kidneys progressively lose their ability to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and perform essential endocrine and metabolic functions. This deterioration advances irreversibly due to various underlying diseases. A decrease in GFR below 60 ml/min/1.73 m\^2 for more than three months indicates structural and functional abnormalities in the kidneys. When the GFR falls below 15 ml/min/1.73 m\^2, the condition is defined as ESRD. Renal replacement therapy becomes necessary when ESRD develops. Treatment options include lifestyle modifications, medical therapy, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation is an effective treatment modality for patients with ESRD, improving quality of life, supporting long-term survival, and eliminating the need for dialysis. However, this process requires not only physical recovery but also psychological adaptation, involving a prolonged and demanding course. Kidney transplantation represents a significant source of psychological stress for both donors and recipients. The psychological stress experienced by donors, particularly during the preoperative period, may influence the surgical process and the postoperative recovery period. Elevated preoperative anxiety levels may reduce donor adaptation to the surgical process and adversely affect both psychological and physiological recovery. Psychiatric support, education, and effective anxiety management throughout the surgical process play a critical role in mitigating these negative effects. High levels of preoperative anxiety may alter pain perception, prolong recovery, and increase the risk of complications. Therefore, reducing preoperative anxiety through psychiatric interventions is essential for helping participants cope with surgical stress and minimizing negative psychological and physiological impacts. Numerous studies have shown that managing anxiety with preoperative psychological support contributes to more stable intraoperative hemodynamic parameters and improved postoperative pain control. Considering the influence of surgical stress on the inflammatory response in kidney donors, further investigation is required to understand how psychiatric interventions affect these parameters. Psychiatric support also plays an important role in reducing opioid requirements for pain management, minimizing opioid-related side effects, preventing postoperative complications, and enhancing overall patient satisfaction. This study aims to examine the effects of preoperative anxiety and anxiety-reducing interventions on intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic parameters, postoperative pain scores, and postoperative complications in living kidney donors.