This study aims to evaluate the effects of a 4 month Zumba training program on cardiometabolic, hormonal, inflammatory, hepatic, renal, and functional parameters in overweight and obese women. Participants will be classified according to menopausal status (pre- or post-menopausal) and randomly assigned to an exercise group or a non-exercise control group.
Overweight and obesity are associated with metabolic dysregulation, hormonal imbalance, chronic inflammation, and reduced physical capacity. Zumba training is a dance-based aerobic exercise that can improve cardiovascular fitness, energy expenditure, and adherence to physical activity programs. This study will assess the effects of a 4 month Zumba training program (4 sessions per week, 60 minutes per session) on: Body composition and anthropometric measures, Aerobic capacity, Hormonal profile, Lipid profile, Inflammatory biomarkers, Liver enzymes, Renal function markers, Electrolytes, Muscle enzymes, Pre- and post-training measurements will be taken under standardized conditions.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
73
Participants assigned to the experimental groups will perform a supervised Zumba training program for 10 weeks, with 4 sessions per week, each session lasting 60 minutes. Sessions will include a standardized warm-up (10 minutes), choreographed dance-based aerobic sequences performed at moderate intensity (40 minutes), and a cool-down with stretching (10 minutes).
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m²).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of Zumba intervention.
Body Fat Percentage
Total body fat measured by digital scale (Tanita BC-533).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of Zumba intervention.
Waist Circumference
Measured at the narrowest point between the rib cage and iliac crest using a tape measure.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of Zumba intervention.
Waist-Hip Ratio
Calculated by dividing waist circumference by hip circumference.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of Zumba intervention.
Hip Circumference
Measured at the widest point of the hips using a tape measure.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of Zumba intervention.
Prolactin
Serum prolactin concentration (ng/mL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Testosterone
Serum testosterone concentration (ng/dL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Cortisol
Serum cortisol concentration (µg/dL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Progesterone
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Serum progesterone concentration (ng/mL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Estradiol
Serum estradiol concentration (pg/mL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Serum FSH concentration (mIU/mL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Serum LH concentration (mIU/mL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Serum TSH concentration (µIU/mL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Free Thyroxine (FT4)
Serum free T4 concentration (ng/dL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Serum PTH concentration (pg/mL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Total Cholesterol
Serum total cholesterol concentration (mg/dL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
Serum HDL cholesterol concentration (mg/dL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
Serum LDL cholesterol concentration (mg/dL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Triglycerides
Serum triglyceride concentration (mg/dL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Serum CRP concentration (mg/L).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
ESR measured in mm/hr.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Includes neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (cells/µL).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Serum ALT concentration measured in U/L.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Serum AST concentration measured in U/L.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Serum ALP concentration measured in U/L.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
Serum GGT concentration measured in U/L.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Serum LDH concentration measured in U/L.
Time frame: Baseline and after the 4 months of the intervention.
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
Serum GGT concentration measured in U/L.
Time frame: Baseline and after the 4 months of the intervention.
Bilirubin Total
Total serum bilirubin concentration measured in mg/dL.
Time frame: Baseline and after the 4 months of the intervention.
Bilirubin Direct
Direct (conjugated) serum bilirubin concentration measured in mg/dL.
Time frame: Baseline and after the 4 months of the intervention.
Creatinine
Serum creatinine concentration measured in mg/dL, indicator of kidney function.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Urea
Serum urea concentration measured in mg/dL, indicator of kidney function.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Uric Acid
Serum uric acid concentration measured in mg/dL, indicator of kidney function.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Sodium (Na)
Serum sodium concentration measured in mmol/L.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Potassium (K)
Serum potassium concentration measured in mmol/L.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of the intervention.
Calcium (Ca)
Serum calcium concentration measured in mg/dL.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of training.
Magnesium (Mg)
Serum magnesium concentration measured in mg/dL.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of training.
Phosphate (PO₄)
Serum phosphate concentration measured in mg/dL.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of training.
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)
Serum CPK concentration measured in U/L, indicator of muscle damage.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of training.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Serum LDH concentration measured in U/L, indicator of muscle and tissue damage.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of training.
Resting Heart Rate
Measured using automated device (Omron BP652).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of Zumba intervention.
Blood Pressure (Systolic and Diastolic)
Measured using an automated arm cuff (Omron BP652).
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of Zumba intervention.
6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Distance
Distance walked in 6 minutes on a 30-meter straight corridor.
Time frame: Baseline and after 4 months of Zumba intervention.