This observational study aimed to investigate the relationship between Enneagram personality types, body mass index, eating habits, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality among adults living in Turkey with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The study adopts a holistic approach to examine how personality characteristics may be associated with nutritional and psychological factors.
Obesity is a multifactorial condition influenced by biological, psychological, behavioral, and social factors. Personality characteristics may play an important role in shaping eating behaviors, emotional regulation, psychological well-being, and spiritual orientation. The Enneagram personality model provides a framework for understanding individual differences in motivation, cognition, and behavior. The purpose of this observational cross-sectional study was to examine the relationships among Enneagram personality types, body mass index (BMI), eating habits, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality in adults. Participants are categorized according to BMI as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Data were collected using a sociodemographic information form, anthropometric measurements, the Enneagram Personality Scale, and validated questionnaires assessing eating habits, emotional eating, psychological well-being, and spirituality. The findings are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the psychological and behavioral factors associated with body weight status and may support the development of more personalized and holistic approaches to nutrition and health promotion.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
210
Diyetisyenin Mutfağı
Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)
Salzburg Emotional Eating Scale (SEES) Total Score
The SEES is a 20-item validated instrument designed to measure changes in food consumption in response to emotions. It consists of four subscales: Happiness, Sadness, Anger, and Anxiety. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1-5). Total scores range from 20 to 100. A score of 60 represents unchanged eating behavior; scores above 60 indicate increased food consumption (emotional eating), and scores below 60 indicate decreased food consumption.
Time frame: At baseline (cross-sectional assessment)
Psychological Well-Being Scale (Flourishing Scale) Total Score
An 8-item scale that describes important aspects of human functioning. Each item is answered on a 1-7 scale. Total scores range from 8 to 56. A high score represents a person who has many psychological resources and strengths
Time frame: At baseline (cross-sectional assessment)
Spirituality Assessment Scale Total Score
A 27-item instrument comprising 7 subscales. It uses a 5-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 27 to 135. Higher scores indicate a higher level of spirituality
Time frame: At baseline (cross-sectional assessment)
Survey of Eating Habits Total Score
A 65-item scale with 4 dimensions (prejudices against obesity, positive/negative thoughts about obesity, self-perception, and eating behaviors). It uses a 5-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 65 to 325. The score is used to evaluate the overall eating attitudes and behaviors of the individual
Time frame: At baseline (cross-sectional assessment)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2). It is used to categorize participants into normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups.
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Time frame: At baseline (cross-sectional assessment)