A Retrospective Analysis of Robot-Assisted Versus Endoscopic Breast-Conserving Surgery for Breast Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: * Female patients aged 18 to 80 years * Pathologically confirmed breast cancer prior to surgery * Sufficient glandular volume with a tumor-to-breast volume ratio ≤20% * A unifocal lesion confined to the glandular tissue * Clear desire for breast conservation and willingness to undergo R-BCS or E-BCS * No evidence of distant metastasis, no involvement of the skin or chest wall * Eligibility for standard postoperative radiotherapy Exclusion Criteria: * The presence of diffuse suspicious lesions or microcalcifications for which wide local resection was unlikely to achieve adequate negative margins or satisfactory aesthetic outcomes * Bilateral breast cancer or inflammatory breast cancer * After neoadjuvant therapy, requirement for additional concurrent surgical procedures * Inability to tolerate general anesthesia or undergo surgery * Contraindications to radiotherapy or a history of prior chest wall irradiation, pregnancy- or lactation-associated breast cancer * Refuse to undergo R-BCS or E-BCS