Anesthesia Comparison in Early-stage Small NSCLC: A Multicenter RCT

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≤ 75 years; * Gender is not limited; * Patients with suspected T1 stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in preoperative clinical staging, with thin-slice CT showing that the maximum tumor diameter is ≤ 3.0 cm, single or multiple nodules, and the nodules requiring surgical resection are located in the same ipsilateral lung lobe, with the number of nodules resected simultaneously ≤ 3; * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification ≤ Grade III (preferably Grade I - II is recommended); * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 - 1; * Body Mass Index (BMI) \< 25 kg·m-²; * Normal cardiopulmonary function: predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%) \> 50%, resting blood gas analysis showing arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) ≥ 75 mmHg, arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) \< 45 mmHg; ejection fraction (EF) \> 50%, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) ≥ 350 m; * No severe upper airway lesions, Mallampati classification I - II; * No contraindications related to paravertebral nerve block and intercostal nerve block; * Estimated surgical time ≤ 150 minutes; * Patients have no history of clinically significant cardiac or neurological problems. Exclusion Criteria: * A history of ipsilateral lung surgery; * Interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, severe emphysema, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute phase of pulmonary infection, or uncontrolled asthma; * Sleep apnea syndrome with anticipated airway difficulty or difficulty in airway management; * Preoperative complications including coagulation dysfunction, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or hepatic/renal insufficiency; * Alteration of anesthesia or surgical plan; * Persistent cough or increased risk of high airway secretion reflux; * Mental disorders, inability to communicate, or refusal to sign the informed consent form; * Participation in other clinical trials within 1 month before this trial; * Those who are deemed unfit to participate in this trial by the researchers.