Role of Opioid Free Anaesthesia in Elderly Patients Undergoing Elective Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgeries With Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Enhanced Recovery After Surgeries

Overview

The introduction of synthetic opioids in 1960 to general anesthesia together with sedative hypnotics and muscle relaxants allowed the appearance of the concept of multimodal balanced anesthesia. Although they help in achieving hemodynamic stability during anesthesia of open heart surgeries, their administration consequences are neither scarce nor benign to the patient. Perioperative opioids are associated with increased incidence of respiratory depression, prolonged mechanical ventilation, nausea and vomiting, prolonged sedation, Postoperative ileus (POI), urine retention, Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), immune depression and hyperalgesia (Beloeil et al., 2018). Coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is particularly vulnerable to the above-mentioned complications. Indeed, some of the side effects of this surgery overlap with the adverse effects of opioids. Postoperative pulmonary complications are observed in up to 50% of patients (Fisscher et al., 2022) and POCD or delirium in 4-54% according to studies (Bhushan et al., 2021). Whereas major gastrointestinal complications are estimated to occur in around 3% of patients, essentially acute pancreatitis, postoperative ileus (Marsoner et al., 2019). Opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) strategies have emerged to avoid intraoperative opioid use. It is based on the fact that a sympathetic reaction evidenced by hemodynamic changes in an anesthetised patient does not systematically reflect pain. In addition, a sleeping patient will not recall pain, while hormonal stress and sympathetic and inflammatory reactions can be controlled by therapeutic classes

Study Procedures: o Randomization will allocate patients into two groups: Opioid-free (F) and Opioid-based (O) anesthesia, with numbers drawn from sealed envelopes. o Group F will receive analgesia through ketamine and dexmedetomidine based on Ideal Body Weight (IBW). o Group O will receive fentanyl for analgesia, also based on IBW. o IBW is calculated using ARDSnet formulas (Brower et al., 2000). o For men, IBW is 50 + (0.91 × \[height in cm - 152.4\]). o For women, IBW is 45.5 + (0.91 × \[height in cm - 152.4\]). o Patients will be monitored with ECG, pulse oximeter, and blood pressure monitoring before receiving midazolam for sedation. o After catheter insertion, patients will be assigned to groups based on the analgesia provided. o The analgesia will be prepared in a pharmacy, coded for blinding the anaesthetist. Fentanyl will be administered as follows: 3 mg/kg (IBW) for induction and 5 mg/kg for infusion during surgery (Baerdemaeker et al., 2004). • Ketamine and dexmedetomidine will be combined in one syringe with specific dosages for induction and infusion (Mulier et al., 2018). o Both groups will receive general anesthesia induction with midazolam, group-specific analgesia, propofol, and rocuronium before intubation. o Anesthesia maintenance will include isoflurane, group-specific analgesia infusion, and rocuronium infusions (Basagan et al., 2010).Hemodynamic parameters will be recorded at various intervals before and after induction until the patient is transferred to ICU. A 5mg bolus from the analgesia syringe will be administered for persistent tachycardia or hypertension, with a maximum of three doses before switching to second-line treatments. Norepinephrine will be given for significant hypotension. Propranolol will be administered for persistent tachycardia. Nitroglycerin will be used for persistent hypertension. Atropine will be given for severe bradycardia. Bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, and hypertension are defined based on specific heart rate and blood pressure changes. Propofol infusion will commence while on bypass and stop after weaning. Analgesia infusion will cease after sternum closure. Inhalational anesthetics will be discontinued at the end of the surgery, and patients will be transferred intubated and ventilated to ICU. In ICU, patients will be extubated once they meet specific requirements. Each group will be monitored for extubation timing and incidence of POCD using CAM ICU score. Cortisol levels and neutrophil lymphocytic ratio will be measured postoperatively in ICU. Patients will be excluded from the study for specific complications or delays. Post-operative analgesia will be administered regularly with paracetamol and fentanyl infusion or other analgesia in the respective groups.