This study compares breathing function, breathing muscle strength, and recovery after a walking test in adults with type 2 diabetes, based on whether they use insulin. People with type 2 diabetes will be evaluated during a single study visit at Izmir Bakircay University. Participants will be grouped as either currently using insulin or not using insulin as part of their usual diabetes treatment. All participants will complete the same tests: a breathing test (spirometry), breathing muscle strength tests (maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures), and a 6-minute walk test. Before the walk test, immediately after the test, and 5 minutes after the test, recovery measures such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and perceived shortness of breath and fatigue will be recorded. The goal is to understand whether insulin use is associated with differences in breathing and recovery responses in people with type 2 diabetes.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
70
Bakircay University
Izmir, İzmir, Turkey (Türkiye)
Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP)
Maximal inspiratory pressure (cmH2O) assessed using a respiratory pressure meter according to standardized respiratory muscle strength testing procedures. The best value from repeated acceptable maneuvers will be used for analysis.
Time frame: Single Visit (Baseline)
Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP)
Maximal expiratory pressure (cmH2O) assessed using a respiratory pressure meter. The best value from repeated acceptable maneuvers will be used.
Time frame: single Visit (Baseline)
Spirometry Parameters (FVC) Forced Vital Capacity
Pulmonary function measured by spirometry following standard procedures.
Time frame: Single Visit (Baseline)
6-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD)
Total distance walked in 6 minutes (meters) on a standardized 30-meter corridor using standardized instructions.
Time frame: Single Visit (During 6-Minute Walk Test)
Heart Rate Response and Recovery After the 6-Minute Walk Test
Heart rate (beats/min) recorded at the specified time points using pulse oximetry.
Time frame: Pre-Test; Immediately Post-Test; 5 Minutes Post-Test
Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂) Response and Recovery After the 6-Minute Walk Test
Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂, %) recorded at the specified time points using pulse oximetry.
Time frame: Pre-Test; Immediately Post-Test; 5 Minutes Post-Test
Blood Pressure Response and Recovery After the 6-Minute Walk Test
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) measured in a seated position at the specified time points.
Time frame: Pre-Test; Immediately Post-Test; 5 Minutes Post-Test
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)
Pulmonary function measured by spirometry following standard procedures.
Time frame: Single Visit (Baseline)
FEV1/FVC Ratio
Calculated from spirometry values following standard procedures.
Time frame: Single Visit (Baseline)
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
Pulmonary function measured by spirometry following standard procedures.
Time frame: Single Visit (Baseline)
Rating of Perceived Dyspnea During Recovery (Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale, 0-10)
Perceived dyspnea will be assessed using the Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale (0 = no breathlessness at all; 10 = maximal breathlessness). Higher scores indicate worse dyspnea.
Time frame: Pre-Test; Immediately Post-Test; 5 Minutes Post-Test
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