Rhomboid Intercostal Sub-serratus Plane Blocks and Erector Spinae Plane Block in Mastectomy Surgeries

Overview

Acute post-mastectomy pain can cause adverse impacts on the patients as delayed discharge from post-operative recovery area, impairs pulmonary and immune functions, increases risk of ileus, thromboembolism, myocardial infarction and may lead to increased length of hospital stay. It is also an important factor leading to the development of chronic post mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) in almost half of the patients. Various regional anesthetic techniques have been described for postoperative pain relief after mastectomy, for example, thoracic epidural anesthesia, intercostal nerve block, paravertebral block, serratus anterior plane block, and pectoral nerve I and II blocks. All of them offer satisfactory pain relief after mastectomy. Erector spinae plane block is a novel para-spinal regional anesthesia technique, , promises to provide effective visceral as well as somatic analgesia after carcinoma of the breast surgeries. The ultrasound-guided rhomboid intercostal block sub-serratus plane block (RISS) is a novel analgesic technique The RISS block anesthetizes the lateral cutaneous branches of the thoracic intercostal nerves and can be used in multiple clinical settings for chest wall and upper abdominal analgesia

Breast cancer is the most common diagnosed malignancy among females and the 5th cause of cancer-related deaths with an estimated number of 2.3 million new cases and 685,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. Different modalities are used for management of breast cancer including surgery, radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy (CT), endocrine (hormone) therapy (ET), and targeted therapy. Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM) is one of the main modalities of breast cancer treatment. It accounts for 31% of all breast surgeries. It has been reported that 40% of the females complain from moderate-to-severe pain in the immediate post-operative period after breast cancer surgery. Acute post-mastectomy pain can cause adverse impacts on the patients as delayed discharge from post-operative recovery area, impairs pulmonary and immune functions, increases risk of ileus, thromboembolism, myocardial infarction and may lead to increased length of hospital stay. It is also an important factor leading to the development of chronic post mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) in almost half of the patients. Various regional anesthetic techniques have been described for postoperative pain relief after mastectomy, for example, thoracic epidural anesthesia, intercostal nerve block, paravertebral block, serratus anterior plane block, and pectoral nerve I and II blocks. All of them offer satisfactory pain relief after mastectomy. Erector spinae plane block is a novel para-spinal regional anesthesia technique, promises to provide effective visceral as well as somatic analgesia after carcinoma of the breast surgeries. The ultrasound-guided rhomboid intercostal block (RIB) and rhomboid intercostal block sub-serratus plane block (RISS) are two novel analgesic techniques . Additionally, the RISS block anesthetizes the lateral cutaneous branches of the thoracic intercostal nerves and can be used in multiple clinical settings for chest wall and upper abdominal analgesia