Comparing an Electrolyte-Carbohydrate Beverage to Water During Ramadan

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Healthy Muslim adults aged 18-50 years who are observing Ramadan fasting. 2. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. 3. Able to speak, read, and understand Arabic or English sufficiently to comply with study procedures. 4. Willing and able to consume the electrolyte-carbohydrate (EC) beverage and water during study visits. 5. Demonstrates product acceptability during screening, defined as overall liking (OL) score ≥ 6 following consumption of a 50 mL sample of the EC beverage (9-point hedonic scale). 6. Self-reported as generally healthy with no known condition that would interfere with participation. 7. Able to comply with study procedures and attend two on-site intervention visits. 8. Willing and able to maintain usual daytime sleep patterns during the intervention period (i.e., avoid intentional major changes to sleep schedule) from 48 hours prior to each intervention visit until the following morning assessment. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Any medical condition or medication use known to affect fluid balance/hydration status, including but not limited to diuretics, laxatives, weight-loss medications. 2. History of clinically significant cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, or metabolic disease. 3. Pregnant or breastfeeding (lactating) females, or females who plan to become pregnant during the study period. 4. Engagement in heavy/vigorous exercise within 24 hours prior to any study visit. 5. Participation in any PepsiCo-sponsored clinical trial within the previous 6 months. 6. Participation in any other interventional clinical trial within the previous 30 days.