Turkish Validity and Reliability of the Bolus Residue Scale in Acute Stroke

Swallowing Safety Assessed by the Penetration-Aspiration Scale

The Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) is an 8-point ordinal scale used during videofluoroscopic swallowing assessment to evaluate the severity of airway invasion. The scale ranges from Score 1 (material does not enter the airway) to Score 8 (material enters the airway, passes below the vocal folds, and no effort is made to eject it). Higher scores indicate more severe penetration or aspiration and poorer airway protection during swallowing.

Time frame: Baseline (during videofluoroscopic swallowing study assessment)

Pharyngeal Residue Assessed by the Yale Residue Scale

The Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale (YPRSRS) is a 5-point ordinal scale used to quantify the severity of pharyngeal residue during videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). Residue severity is rated separately for the valleculae and pyriform sinuses, with scores ranging from 0 (no residue) to 4 (severe residue) based on the amount of bolus residue remaining after swallowing. Higher scores indicate greater pharyngeal residue and more severe swallowing impairment.

Time frame: Baseline (during videofluoroscopic swallowing study assessment)

Functional Oral Intake Assessment

The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) is a 7-level ordinal scale used to classify an individual's level of oral intake in patients with dysphagia. The scale ranges from Level 1 (nothing by mouth) to Level 7 (total oral diet with no restrictions), reflecting the degree of functional oral intake. Higher FOIS levels indicate better oral intake ability and improved swallowing function.

Time frame: Baseline (during videofluoroscopic swallowing study assessment)