The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of including water as a beverage at a meal on food intake, and if the influence of water consumption on food consumption is moderated by switching behavior. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of simultaneous variety and portion size on meal intake.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
60
No water will be served with the meal
Water will be served with the meal
A low moisture food will be served
Change in food intake
Weight (grams) of the food consumed
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in energy intake
Energy (kcal) of the food consumed
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in water intake
Weight (grams) of water consumed
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in meal duration
Duration of the meal in minutes
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in eating rate
Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in bite count
The number of bites of food during the meal
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in sip count
The number of sips of water during the meal
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in switching between bites and sips
The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of pleasantness of the taste of food samples
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
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A high moisture food will be served
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of desire to eat food samples
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all strong (0 mm) to extremely strong (100 mm), in answer to "How strong is your desire to eat \[this food\] right now?". This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety.
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of hunger
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm)
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of thirst
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm)
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of nausea
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm)
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of fullness
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm)
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of prospective consumption
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm), in answer to "How much food do you think you could eat right now?".
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4