Serum Uric Acid in Adolescents With Primary Headache: A Case-Control Study

Inclusion Criteria: * Inclusion Criteria (Cases): Adolescents aged 12-18 years presenting to pediatric neurology outpatient clinics Diagnosis of primary headache according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3) (e.g., 1.1, 1.2, etc.) Diagnosis confirmed by a pediatric neurologist following a comprehensive clinical evaluation Sufficient cognitive ability to understand and complete study instruments * Inclusion Criteria (Controls): Adolescents aged 12-18 years presenting to general pediatric outpatient clinics No history of recurrent headaches No chronic medical or psychiatric disorders Matched with the case group for age and sex Exclusion Criteria: * History of neurological disorders other than primary headache * Previously diagnosed psychiatric conditions * Autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, severe cardiac failure, metabolic or inflammatory disorders, obesity, or significant hepatic or renal impairment * Regular use of psychotropic medications or a history of polycythemia * Use of drugs known to affect uric acid metabolism within 2-4 weeks prior to enrollment * Cognitive or developmental disabilities limiting the ability to understand or complete study instruments