Effects of Baduanjin Exercise on Improving Health in Sedentary Young and Middle-Aged Adults

Change in Sit-and-Reach Distance

Assessed by the standard sit-and-reach test.

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Active Range of Motion of the Shoulder, Hip, Knee, and Ankle joints assessed by Goniometry

Measured using a goniometer

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Time Spent in Sedentary Behavior assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13.

Scores on the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS)

The scale consists of two subscales: the Exercise Benefits Subscale (29 items) and the Exercise Barriers Subscale (14 items). The total score ranges from 43 to 172, with a higher score indicating a more positive perception towards exercise.

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13

Change in Knee Extension Peak Torque assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Maximum torque generated during knee extension

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Knee Extension Total Work assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Total work performed during repeated maximal knee extension contractions.

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Knee Extension Average Power assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Knee Extension Fatigue Index assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Knee Flexion Peak Torque assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Maximum torque generated during Knee Flexion measured at a preset angular velocity

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Knee Flexion Total Work assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Total work performed during repeated maximal Knee Flexion contractions

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Knee Flexion Average Power assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Knee Flexion Fatigue Index assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Shoulder Flexion Peak Torque assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Maximum torque generated during Shoulder Flexion, measured at a preset angular velocity.

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Shoulder Flexion Total Work assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Total work performed during repeated maximal Shoulder Flexion contractions

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Shoulder Flexion Average Power assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Shoulder Flexion Fatigue Index assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Shoulder Abduction Peak Torque assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Maximum torque generated during Shoulder Abduction , measured at a preset angular velocity

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Shoulder Abduction Total Work assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Total work performed during repeated maximal Shoulder Abduction contractions

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Shoulder Abduction Average Power assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Shoulder Abduction Fatigue Index assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Elbow Extension Peak Torque assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Maximum torque generated during Elbow Extension, measured at a preset angular velocity

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Elbow Extension Total Work assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Total work performed during repeated maximal Elbow Extension contractions

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Elbow Extension Average Power assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Elbow Extension Fatigue Index assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Elbow Flexion Peak Torque assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Maximum torque generated during Elbow Flexion, measured at a preset angular velocity

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Elbow Flexion Total Work assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Total work performed during repeated maximal Elbow Flexion contractions

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Elbow Flexion Average Power assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Elbow Flexion Fatigue Index assessed by Isokinetic Dynamometry

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13

Change in Rhythmic Weight Shift (RWS) Score assessed by Computerized Dynamic Posturography

Measured using a computerized dynamic posturography system.

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB) Score assessed by Computerized Dynamic Posturography

Measured using a computerized dynamic posturography system.

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Sensory Organization Test (SOT) Composite Score assessed by Computerized Dynamic Posturography

Measured using a computerized dynamic posturography system.

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Motor Control Test (MCT) Latency assessed by Computerized Dynamic Posturography

Measured using a computerized dynamic posturography system.

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Limits of Stability (LOS) Score assessed by Computerized Dynamic Posturography

Measured using a computerized dynamic posturography system.

Time frame: at baseline, Week 8, and Week 13.

Change in Muscle Mass assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13.

Change in Body Fat Percentage assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13.

Change in Fat-Free Mass assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13.

Change in Waist-to-Hip Ratio

Ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13.

Change in Center of Mass Sway Amplitude during Baduanjin Exercise assessed by 3D Motion Capture

Magnitude of anteroposterior and mediolateral displacement of the body's center of mass during static postures of Baduanjin, analyzed using a markerless 3D motion capture system

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13

Change in Joint Range of Motion during Baduanjin Exercise assessed by 3D Motion Capture

Angular displacement of primary joints during the performance of Baduanjin movements, analyzed using a markerless 3D motion capture system.

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13

Change in Center of Mass Height during Baduanjin Exercise assessed by 3D Motion Capture

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13

Change in Integrated Electromyography (iEMG) during Baduanjin Exercise assessed by Surface Electromyography

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13

Change in Root Mean Square (RMS) Amplitude during Baduanjin Exercise assessed by Surface Electromyography

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13

Change in Glycemic Control Biomarkers

Fasting venous blood samples will be analyzed for indicators of glucose metabolism, such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting insulin.

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13.

Change in Lipid Profile

Fasting venous blood samples will be analyzed for indicators of lipid metabolism, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13.

Change in Inflammatory and Neurotrophic Biomarkers

Fasting venous blood samples will be analyzed for inflammatory markers (e.g., high-sensitivity C-reactive protein \[hs-CRP\], interleukin-6 \[IL-6\], tumor necrosis factor-alpha \[TNF-α\]) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

Time frame: at baseline and Week 13.

Percentage of Prescribed Baduanjin Sessions Completed

Time frame: Through study completion, up to Week 13.

Baduanjin Movement Quality Score assessed by Blinded Expert Review (100-point scale)

Score assessed by blinded experts using a standardized 100-point scoring rubric. Scores range from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better movement quality.

Time frame: at Week 13