EMPOWER aims to determine the overall effect of menopause and sleep disruption on cardiac remodeling in women with type 2 diabetes.
The EMPOWER prospective cohort study is part of a larger project. This interdisciplinary project will utilize animal models, clinical cohorts, epidemiological datasets and data from randomized control trials to explore the hypothesis that sleep disruption and menopause-induced hormonal changes synergistically increase systemic inflammation and impair incretin signaling, leading to worsened cardiac function, heightened cardiometabolic dysfunction, and accelerated CVD risk. The EMPOWER study aims to determine the cumulative effect of multiple exposures including menopause progression and sleep disruption on subclinical cardiac remodeling in women with T2DM in the perimenopausal transition and if these relationships are moderated by T2DM management, Body Mass Index (BMI), or inflammation.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
381
The intervention in this study is the additional clinical evaluations for women with type 2 DM and in perimenopause.
Reduced septal e' velocity
Indicates impaired relaxation of the left ventricle during early diastole; key marker for diastolic dysfunction. Measured by echocardiography.
Time frame: Baseline to 4 years.
Increased E/e' ratio
Indicates elevated left ventricular filling pressure; key marker for diastolic dysfunction. Measured by echocardiography.
Time frame: Baseline to 4 years.
Increased tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity
Indicates elevated right ventricular systolic pressure or pulmonary hypertension. Measured by echocardiography.
Time frame: Baseline to 4 years.
Change in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP)
Measures the pressure in the pulmonary artery when the heart beats. Measured by echocardiography.
Time frame: Baseline to 4 years.
Change in E/A ratio
Decrease of E/A ratio below 1 indicates diastolic dysfunction, and an increase of E/A ratio over 2 indicates advance failure. Measured by echocardiography.
Time frame: Baseline to 4 years.
Change in left atrial size
Left Atrial Enlargement (LAE) is abnormal stretching or widening of the upper left heart chamber, typically caused by chronic pressure or volume overload. Measured by echocardiography.
Time frame: Baseline to 4 years.
Decline in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS)
Detects heart muscle dysfunction. Measured by echocardiography.
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Time frame: Baseline to 4 years.
Decline in left atrial strain
Indicates left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and atrial fibrillation. Measured by echocardiography.
Time frame: Baseline to 4 years.