The goal of this study is to learn how the body's immune system affects disease control in people with different airway inflammatory diseases.We want to understand: 1.Whether specific immune cell patterns in the blood are linked to how severe the disease is or how well it is controlled. Participants will: 1. Answer questions about their health and symptoms. 2. Give blood samples 3. Have lung function tests and other standard check-ups. 4. share sleep study results. We will compare people with airway diseases to healthy volunteers to see how their immune systems differ.
This prospective, single-center observational cohort study aims to comprehensively characterize the immune landscape of patients with chronic airway inflammatory diseases through the application of high-dimensional single-cell technologies.The study plans to enroll approximately 205 to 215 participants, comprising multiple disease groups and matched healthy controls. A core methodological innovation of this study is the use of CyTOF (Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight), a mass cytometry platform capable of simultaneously analyzing up to 40-100 immune markers at the single-cell level. This approach allows for a highly detailed phenotypic and functional profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), enabling the discovery of disease-associated immune cell subsets with greater resolution than conventional flow cytometry. Participants will be stratified by disease type and severity based on clinical diagnostic criteria, functional testing (e.g., FEV1, AHI, FeNO), and established clinical scores (e.g., ACQ, CAT, GOLD, SGRQ, E-FACED). Blood samples will be processed for PBMC isolation and subjected to CyTOF analysis. Complementary assessments include cytokine profiling via ELISA, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) for transcriptomic insights, and sputum analysis via culture and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to evaluate microbial colonization and inflammatory cell profiles. This study will investigate the correlation between immune phenotypes and clinical control levels, disease severity, hypoxia metrics, and inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α). It also seeks to identify key immunopathological features that may differentiate subtypes within each disease (e.g., T2-high vs. T2-low asthma; Pseudomonas-positive vs. negative bronchiectasis) and evaluate transitional states such as PRISm in relation to COPD progression. Multivariate models combining immune and clinical parameters will be developed to facilitate predictive stratification and to guide future individualized immunotherapeutic strategies. By integrating CyTOF, scRNA-seq, and clinical data, this protocol aspires to define immune biomarkers predictive of airway disease control and severity and to provide a systems-level understanding of immune dysfunction across heterogeneous respiratory disorders.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
200
The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University
Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
RECRUITINGPeripheral Blood Immune Cell Subset Profiling by Mass Cytometry (CyTOF)
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) will be analyzed by CyTOF using a 41-marker antibody panel (includingCD4, CD8, HLA-DR, CD25, CD127, CD45RA, CD38, CD66b, IgD,etc.) The outcome will be reported as the relative frequency (%) and absolute counts of defined immune subsets, including T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, Tfh, cytotoxic T cells), B cell subsets (naive, memory, B1a, transitional), NK cells, myeloid cells, plasmablasts, monocytes, MDSCs, and granulocytes. Functional phenotypes such as activation (HLA-DR), exhaustion (PD-1), and aging (CD57) will also be quantified.
Time frame: baseline
Serum Cytokine Levels by ELISA
Plasma cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10) will be quantified using ELISA. Data will be reported as absolute concentrations (pg/mL) and compared across disease subgroups.
Time frame: baseline
Sputum Microbiome Composition by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS)
Sputum samples will be analyzed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to characterize bacterial, fungal, and viral communities. Data will be aggregated as relative abundance (%) of microbial taxa and diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson).
Time frame: baseline
Sleep-Disordered Breathing Severity Measured by Polysomnography
For patients with OSAS and snoring, Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI), minimum SpO₂, and cumulative time with SpO₂ \< 90% (CT90) will be recorded overnight. Data will be summarized as mean values and categorized into mild, moderate, or severe OSAS.
Time frame: baseline
Serum Lipid testing
Including serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides.
Time frame: baseline
Daytime Sleepiness in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Measured by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS): Evaluates daytime sleepiness severity; higher scores reflect greater impairment.Data will be summarized as mean total scores and categorized into severity levels (normal, mild, moderate, severe).
Time frame: baseline
Asthma Control Questionnaire
In the asthma and ABPA research groups, the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) will be used to evaluate the control of asthma symptoms. ACQ is a validated questionnaire, with each question scoring 0-6 points. The average score will be calculated, with ≤ 0.75 indicating good control, 0.75-1.5 indicating partial control, and\>1.5 indicating uncontrolled.
Time frame: baseline
AQLQ （Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire） Score
The Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire is used to evaluate the quality of life of asthma patients. The scoring range is 1 - 7 points. The higher the score, the better the quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline
Borg rating
The Borg score is used to evaluate the degree of respiratory distress in patients with bronchiectasis, measuring their perceived physical activity or intensity using numbers. Subjective fatigue and respiratory distress are quantified on a 0-10 point scale, with higher scores indicating more severe respiratory distress.
Time frame: baseline
FACED Score
FACED Score includes Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)、Age、 Chronic colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)、Extension (number of pulmonary lobes affected)、Dyspnea (mMRC score).It is used to assess the severity of bronchiectasis. The scoring range is from 0 to 10 points. Grade classification: 0 - 2 points: Mild. 3 - 5 points: Moderate. 6 - 10 points: Severe.
Time frame: baseline
CAT（COPD Assessment Test） Score
A tool used in the bronchiectasis group to assist in assessing the severity and quality of life of patients with bronchiectasis. The rating range is 0-10 points. Grade classification: 0-2 points: Mild; 3-5 points: moderate; 6-10 points: severe.
Time frame: baseline
SGRQ（St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire）Score
The SGRQ is used to evaluate the quality of life of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. It consists of three parts: symptoms, activities, and impact on daily life. The scoring range is 0 - 100 points. The higher the total score, the poorer the patient's quality of life.
Time frame: baseline
mMRC（Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale）Score
The mMRC Score is used to assess the severity of dyspnoea and is divided into grades 0 - 4. The higher the score, the more severe the dyspnoea. Grade 0: Dyspnoea occurs only during strenuous exercise. Grade 1: Dyspnoea occurs when walking fast on flat ground or climbing a gentle slope. Grade 2: Dyspnoea causes the patient to stop and rest when walking on flat ground. Grade 3: Dyspnoea causes the patient to stop and rest after walking less than 100 metres or for a few minutes on flat ground. Grade 4: The patient is unable to leave home due to dyspnoea, or dyspnoea occurs when dressing or undressing.
Time frame: baseline
FEV1（Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second）
Pulmonary function FEV1 index was evaluated in liters (L). It refers to the volume of air exhaled in the first second by the subject exhaling at the fastest rate after the maximum inspiration.
Time frame: baseline
MMEF75/25（Maximal Mid-Expiratory Flow between 75% and 25% of FVC）
MMEF75/25 is measured in liters per minute (L/min). This is the average expiratory flow rate over the course of 75% to 25% of the forced expiratory volume. It is primarily used to assess the function of the small airways.
Time frame: baseline
FVC（Forced Vital Capacity）
FVC is measured in liters (L). It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled by exhaling forcefully as fast as possible after the maximum inhalation. This indicator reflects the ventilatory function of the lungs. FVC is generally around 3.5 - 5 L in normal adult males and slightly lower in females. FVC can be used to assess the elasticity of the lungs, the patency of the airways, etc.
Time frame: baseline
FEV1/FVC（Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second to Forced Vital Capacity Ratio）
The unit of FEV1/FVC is %. It is mainly used to determine if there is an airflow obstruction. Normally, FEV1/FVC should be greater than 70%.
Time frame: baseline
Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) Levels Measured by Standardized Analyzer
FeNO will be measured in exhaled air and reported in parts per billion (ppb). Data will be summarized as mean values to reflect airway inflammation.
Time frame: baseline
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