This study aims to address the gap by investigating the correlation between body composition and metabolism in adult and older Filipino endurance and strength athletes. It seeks to offer significant insights that can guide age- and sport-specific training programs, nutritional strategies, and health interventions adapted to the requirements of Filipino athletes. The results may help enhance the wider discussion on fostering healthy aging and athletic longevity in the Philippines.
The general objective of the study is to conduct fundamental researches in nutrition physiology among Filipino athletes in selected sports through evaluation of their body composition, metabolism, nutritional status, aerobic capacity, and physical performance using validated assessment tools. Specifically, the study aims to: * Compare the body composition of Filipino athletes and age- and sex-matched non-athletes using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), muscle ultrasound and deuterium dilution technique; * Assess and compare the metabolism via resting and activity energy expenditure, nutritional status, dietary intake, and aerobic capacity of Filipino athletes and age- and sex-matched non-athletes using indirect calorimetry techniques, anthropometric measurements, food diaries, VO₂max measurement, lactic acid threshold, and Incremental Step Test; * Determine the association of body composition, metabolism, and aerobic capacity among adults and senior citizen athletes partaking in recreational sports; and * Analyze the relationship of nutritional status and metabolism with physical performance indicators among adults and senior citizen athletes partaking in recreational sports.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
120
Fat Mass in kilograms and percentage
Fat mass will be measured using the Bioelectric Impedance Analyzer (BIA), the Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Machine, Deuterium Dilution Technique (DDT), ultrasound technology, and air displacement method.
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Fat-Free Mass in kilograms and percentage
Fat-free mass will be measured using the Bioelectric Impedance Analyzer (BIA), the Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Machine, Deuterium Dilution Technique (DDT), ultrasound technology, and air displacement method.
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Resting Metabolic Rate in kilocalories per day
Resting Metabolic Rate Energy expenditure at rest will be measured using an indirect calorimeter (COSMED Fitmate, Rome, Italy) in the fasting state (10-12 hours).
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Activity Energy Expenditure in kilocalories
Active energy expenditure will be measured using an indirect calorimeter (COSMED K5). They will follow an Incremental Step Test using a cycle ergometer. The participants will be assisted by a researcher during the familiarization phase wherein the KOPS Approach and Familiarization to the equipment will be held. The KOPS Approach must have their legs at least right angle, knees and arms should not be over extended. Make sure that the feet of participants are sealed onto the pedal pads. Participants will be instructed to maintain a pedaling rate of 40-60 revolutions per minute (rpm). Each stage of the test will last three minutes, with the workload increasing progressively until the participant reaches fatigue or test termination
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Aerobic Capacity in mL/kg/min
Aerobic capacity will be measured using an incremental step test in an ergocycle.
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Blood Lactate Concentration in mmol/L during exercise
Lactate levels will be measured at baseline, during the conducted of incremental step test (during stage 3 and stage 5), and during the cool down period. 20 uL of blood will be collected through finger-prick.
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Handgrip strength in kilograms
A hydraulic hand dynamometer will be used as an objective instrument for grip strength.
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Leg strength in Newton-meter
An isokinetic dynamometer will be utilized to measure leg strength, precisely that of the quadriceps muscle. This will be assessed using maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors using an isokinetic dynamometer.
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Speed of participants in kilometers per hour
To assess the speed of young athletes and non-athletes, the study will use the Beep Test. In this test, participants run back and forth between two cones placed 20 meters apart, following the pace set by audio "beep" sounds. Divided into 21 levels, with each level lasting about 1 minute. The running speed starts at 8.5 km/h and gradually increases by 0.5 km/h at every making the test more challenging as it progresses.
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
Dietary Intake in kilocalories or grams per day
The participants' dietary intake for two non-consecutive days (one weekday and one weekend) before the data collection will be collected using a food record (FR). For athletes, it is preferable that one training day will be reflected in their FR but only when it coincides with the scheduled activities; otherwise, this is not required. Average daily energy, protein, carbohydrates, and fats intake will be reported.
Time frame: The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days.
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