Clinical and Instrumental Assessment Tools for Neurogenic Dysphagia: Translation and Validation

IInclusion Criteria: Adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with neurogenic dysphagia due to any neurological condition (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury) Able to understand and comply with study procedures Provide written informed consent (or legal representative consent if necessary) Stable medical and neurological condition at the time of assessment Exclusion Criteria: Active respiratory infection or acute illness affecting swallowing at the time of assessment History of head and neck surgery or anatomical abnormalities preventing standardized assessment of swallowing or reflex cough Severe uncontrolled comorbidities (cardiac, pulmonary, or systemic) that make study participation unsafe