A Study to Understand the Analgesic Properties of Topically Applied Menthol When Used in a Marathon.

Proportion of participants reporting pain relief within 10 seconds after completed application of topically applied menthol.

Characterising the speed of analgesic effect from topically applied menthol in participants recovering from marathon. Number of subjects whose pain score based on 0-10 NRS rating reduced from pre-application to post-application, whose post-application score was within 10 seconds.

Time frame: Day 1 - immediately at the end of the race, assessed within the Recovery Application Zone Questionnaire.

Percentage of participants which report pain relief reduction of 2 points or greater on NRS within 10 seconds of topically applied menthol application.

Characterising the speed of analgesic effect from topically applied menthol in participants recovering from marathon. Number of subjects whose pain score based on 0-10 Numerical Rating Scale rating reduced over 2 points from pre-application to post- application, whose post-application score was reported within 10 seconds.

Time frame: Day 1 - immediately at the end of the race, assessed within the Recovery Application Zone Questionnaire.

Percentage of participants reporting a cooling sensation within 10 seconds/ immediately after application.

Percentage of participants reporting a cooling sensation within 10 seconds or immediately after application. Participants reported if they experienced a cooling sensation (YES/ NO) and for the next question, reported if that occurred within 10 seconds / immediately after application or over 10 seconds.

Time frame: Day 1 - immediately at the end of the race, assessed within the Recovery Application Zone Questionnaire.

Percentage of participants experiencing cooling sensation lasting 2 hours or more after topically applied menthol use

Percentage of participants experiencing cooling sensation lasting 2 hours or more after topically applied menthol use, by product, participants who reported a cooling sensation (YES/ NO) and for the next question, participants reported duration of cooling assessed as follows: 1.Less than 10 minutes 2.10 minutes to less than 30 minutes 3.30 minutes to less than 60 minutes 4.60 minutes to less than 2 hours 5.2 hours to less than 3 hours 6.3 hours to less than 4 hours 7.4 hours or more

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Rating of Intensity from the use of topically applied menthol when used after the marathon

Average rating for intensity from the use of topically applied menthol when used after the marathon. Intensity of cooling sensation is assessed post application of topically applied menthol, calculated using a 1-10 Rating Scale question to rate intensity of cooling sensation, where 1 is a mild cooling sensation, 10 is an extremely intense cooling sensation.

Time frame: Day 1 - immediately at the end of the race, assessed within the Recovery Application Zone Questionnaire.

Rating of Intensity from the use of topically applied menthol when used during the marathon

Average rating for intensity from the use of topically applied menthol when used during the marathon. Intensity of cooling sensation is assessed post application of topically applied menthol, calculated using a 1-10 Rating Scale question on intensity of cooling sensation: scale 1-10, where 1 is a mild cooling sensation, 10 is an extremely intense cooling sensation.

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the end of race questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Rating of Liking from the use of topically applied menthol when used after the marathon

Average rating for overall liking from the use of topically applied menthol when used after the marathon. Overall liking of cooling sensation is assessed post application of topically applied menthol, calculated using a 1-10 Rating Scale question to rate overall liking of cooling sensation, where 1 is dislike extremely and 10 is like extremely.

Time frame: Day 1 - immediately at the end of the race, assessed within the Recovery Application Zone Questionnaire.

Rating of Liking from the use of topically applied menthol when used during the marathon

Average rating for overall liking from the use of topically applied menthol when used during the marathon. Overall liking of cooling sensation is assessed post application of topically applied menthol, calculated using a 1-10 Rating Scale question to rate overall liking of cooling sensation, where 1 is dislike extremely and 10 is like extremely.

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Percentage agreement that the cooling sensation from topically applied menthol helped to reduce pain.

Based on data collected in the Recovery Application Zone Questionnaire, the number of subjects who respond, "strongly agree" and "agree" to Likert Scale statement that the cooling sensation from topically applied menthol helped to reduce pain.

Time frame: Day 1 - immediately at the end of the race, assessed within the Recovery Application Zone Questionnaire.

Proportion of participants agreement regarding statements about topically applied menthol

Participants who respond, "strongly agree" or "agree" to Likert Scale statements in the End of Race Questionnaire: 1. Biofreeze relieves pain; 2. The cooling sensation from Biofreeze reduces pain; 3. Biofreeze use during the race helped me run/ walk over the finish line by relieving my pain.

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Percentage of participants experiencing pain relief lasting 2 hours or more after topically applied menthol

Based on retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire, participants who responded to a single-select question: 2 hours to less than 3 hours, 3 hours to less than 4 hours, 4 hours or more

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) model to assess association between age and pain outcomes (severity, location), and topically applied menthol use during the marathon

To assess impact of the following aspects on pain experience (pain severity and location and topically applied menthol use) during the marathon (based on retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire): Age (self reported: ranges in years: 18-25; 26-35; 36-45; 46-55; 56-65; 66-75; 76 or older) Pain Severity: (self-rated pain before use \& immediately after Biofreeze use, both via Numeric Rating Scales 0-10 where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable) Pain Location (self-reported pain regions, e.g. pelvis; groin; knee; none of these) Biofreeze Use: * whether it was used (yes/no) * type of Biofreeze product used (roll-on; base gel; professional gel; aerosol spray; patch) * when it was used (during the race; after the race in the recovery zone; after the race)

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) model to assess association between sex and pain outcomes (severity, location), and topically applied menthol use during the marathon

To assess impact of the following aspects on pain experience (pain severity and location and topically applied menthol use) during the marathon (based on retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire): Sex (self reported: male; female; non-binary; prefer not to say) Pain Severity: (self-rated pain before use \& immediately after Biofreeze use, both via Numeric Rating Scales 0-10 where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable) Pain Location (self-reported pain regions, e.g. pelvis; groin; knee; none of these) Biofreeze Use: * whether it was used (yes/no) * type of Biofreeze product used (roll-on; base gel; professional gel; aerosol spray; patch) * when it was used (during the race; after the race in the recovery zone; after the race)

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) model to assess association between menstrual cycle stage, menopausal status and pain outcomes (severity, location), and topically applied menthol use during the marathon

To assess impact of the following aspects on pain experience (pain severity and location and topically applied menthol use) during the marathon (based on retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire): Menstrual cycle stage and menopausal status (self-reported status; for example Have menstrual cycle, was on my period; Post menopausal) Pain Severity: (self-rated pain before use \& immediately after Biofreeze use, both via Numeric Rating Scales 0-10 where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable) Pain Location (self-reported pain regions, e.g. pelvis; groin; knee; none of these) Biofreeze Use: * whether it was used (yes/no) * type of Biofreeze product used (roll-on; base gel; professional gel; aerosol spray; patch) * when it was used (during the race; after the race in the recovery zone; after the race)

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) model to assess association between amount of sleep, quality of sleep the night before the marathon and pain outcomes (severity, location), and topically applied menthol use during the marathon

To assess impact of the following aspects on pain experience (pain severity and location and topically applied menthol use) during the marathon (based on retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire): Amount and quality of sleep the night before the marathon: (self reported: hours slept example: less than 1 hour, 2 hours to less than 3, 3 hours to less than 4, more than 8 hours; Sleep quality: very good; fairly good; fairly bad; very bad) Pain Severity: (self-rated pain before use \& immediately after Biofreeze use, both via Numeric Rating Scales 0-10 where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable) Pain Location (self-reported pain regions, e.g. pelvis; groin; knee; none of these) Biofreeze Use: * whether it was used (yes/no) * type of Biofreeze product used (roll-on; base gel; professional gel; aerosol spray; patch) * when it was used (during the race; after the race in the recovery zone; after the race)

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Types of oral analgesic products used alongside topically applied menthol

Participants reported types of oral analgesia used alongside topically applied menthol during the marathon and recovery period through the following question (option to select): Ibuprofen /Acetaminophen /Opioid /Naproxen /Aspirin / Combination Analgesic / Other.

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.

Number of participants who used analgesic products alongside topically applied menthol for pain relief during marathon

Types of oral analgesia used alongside topically applied menthol and number of participants who used each during the race and recovery period. Participants reported use of oral analgesic products alongside topically applied menthol by single-select (YES/NO) question.

Time frame: Retrospective recall data from the End of Race Questionnaire was completed on Day 1: Completed at least 2 hours after the end of the race, up to 23:59 on race day.