Physical inactivity increases substantially after age 60 and represents a major public health challenge in older adults, as it is linked to increased risk of functional and cognitive decline and aging problems. Walking is one of the most accessible and recommended forms of light-to-moderate physical activity for this population. However, promoting sustained engagement in walking remains difficult, as traditional informational approaches often fail to activate personally meaningful motivations. This study tests whether persuasive affective messages can promote walking by leveraging self-continuity, meaning the use of autobiographical memory to maintain the sense of being the same person across time and contexts, connecting the past, present, and future self. Self-continuity is associated with psychological resources such as self-esteem, self-efficacy, and a sense of meaning in life. The affective mechanism that sustains self-continuity is nostalgia: both promote emotional and behavioral regulation and support goal achievement. Building on this framework, the present trial examines whether activating feelings of self-continuity and positive nostalgic memories can strengthen older adults' motivation to engage in walking behavior. In addition, the study investigates whether combining self-continuity messaging with a self-regulation strategy (daily step monitoring) enhances intervention effectiveness. Self-monitoring is a well-established behavioral technique that supports goal pursuit by increasing awareness and feedback. Using a 4-arm randomised controlled factorial design, the study compares the effects of self-continuity messages, step-monitoring reminders, their combination, and an active control condition on walking behaviour and its psychological determinants. A national sample of 1,000 Italian adults aged 65-74, recruited through a certified panel provider (Ipsos) and balanced for age, gender, and geographic region, will be randomly assigned to one of the four conditions. All participants will receive one message per day through a mobile application over a 14-day period. Participants in the step-monitoring conditions will also be asked to track and report their daily step count using a pedometer application. Behavioral, psychological, and process measures will be collected at baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up. The study therefore aims to provide experimental evidence on the role of self-continuity as a motivational driver of health behaviour change, and to clarify whether combining affective and self-regulatory strategies enhances intervention effectiveness in older adults.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
1,000
The Day 1 introductory message presents a daily walking goal consistent with WHO recommendations and informs participants that subsequent messages describe the benefits of walking. Participants will be encouraged to pursue the physical activity goal according to their individual capabilities. Messages delivered from Day 2 to Day 13 aim to activate different positive nostalgic experiences related to walking and movement, including past memories, emotions, bodily sensations, personal values, and self-concepts. The messages link walking behaviour to such positive experiences using counterfactual formulations (e.g., "If you walk a little more today, you may reconnect with sensations your body knows well."). Message openings vary and include exclamatory statements, memory prompts, or rhetorical questions. The Day 14 message concludes the intervention.
The Day 1 introductory message presents a daily walking goal consistent with WHO recommendations and informs participants that subsequent messages prompt them to monitor their daily step count. Participants will be encouraged to pursue the physical activity goal according to their individual capabilities. Messages delivered from Day 2 to Day 13 provide reminders to monitor step counts throughout the day using the pedometer app and to record the total number of daily steps in PsyMe at the end of the day (e.g., "During the day, monitor your step count using the pedometer app. This evening, record the total number of steps in the app."). The Day 14 message concludes the intervention.
The Day 1 introductory message presents a daily water-intake goal consistent with standard recommendations and informs participants that subsequent messages describe the benefits of adequate hydration. Participants will be encouraged to pursue the goal according to their individual capabilities. Messages delivered from Day 2 to Day 13 provide brief information about different beneficial effects of adequate water intake and link hydration to each outcome using counterfactual formulations (e.g., "If you drink the recommended amount of water today, you may support your energy levels and help prevent lapses in concentration"). Message openings vary and include exclamatory statements, memory prompts, or rhetorical questions. The Day 14 message concludes the intervention.
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (Milan)
Milan, Milan, Italy
RECRUITINGChange from Baseline in Self-Reported Walking Frequency and Duration at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ). Higher scores (mean daily time spent in walking activities, number of days per week with walking activity, and mean time spent in walking activities multiplied by the number of days per week with walking activity) indicate greater self-reported walking activity over the past week and in a usual week.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Walking Intensity at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ). Higher scores indicate greater self-reported walking intensity over the past week and in a usual week, with 3 ordinal response options: slow, moderate, and vigorous intensity.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Daily Step Count at 2-Week Post-Intervention as Measured Via Pedometer App
Higher self-reported step counts indicate greater walking activity over the past week and in a usual week.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks
Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Sedentary Behaviour Duration at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ). Higher self-reported minutes spent in sedentary activities indicate greater sedentary behaviour in a usual week.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Light Physical Activity Frequency and Duration at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Adapted from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ), specifically for light physical activity. Higher scores (mean daily time spent in light physical activities, number of days per week with light physical activity, and mean daily time multiplied by the number of days per week with light physical activity) indicate greater self-reported light physical activity in a usual week.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Moderate Physical Activity Frequency and Duration at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ). Higher scores (mean daily time spent in moderate physical activities, number of days per week with moderate physical activity, and mean daily time multiplied by the number of days per week with moderate physical activity) indicate greater self-reported moderate physical activity in a usual week.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Vigorous Physical Activity Frequency and Duration at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ). Higher scores (mean daily time spent in vigorous physical activities, number of days per week with vigorous physical activity, and mean daily time multiplied by the number of days per week with vigorous physical activity) indicate greater self-reported vigorous physical activity in a usual week.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Pedometer Usage and Usage Frequency (Past Week) at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Measured using a study-specific single item with 5 ordinal response options. Higher scores indicate more frequent mean daily use of the pedometer app/device.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Attitude toward Walking at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Measured using an ad-hoc 7-point semantic differential scale assessing anticipated attitude toward walking in the next two weeks, across six bipolar adjective pairs. Higher scores are associated with more positive attitudes toward walking.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Intention to Walk at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Measured using an ad hoc 7-point Likert scale comprising 3 items and assessing intention to walk as much as possible over the next two weeks. Responses range from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree), with higher values indicating stronger intention to walk.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Self-Efficacy to Walk at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Measured using a 12-item scale adapted from the Self-efficacy to Regulate Exercise scale (Carfora et al., 2022) to assess confidence in being able to walk as much as possible over the next two weeks under a variety of challenging circumstances. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree), with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy to walk.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Anticipated Positive Emotions Toward Walking at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Evaluated using an ad-hoc 6-item scale assessing anticipated positive emotions associated with walking as much as possible over the next two weeks. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree), with higher scores indicating stronger anticipated positive emotions toward walking.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Anticipated Negative Emotions Toward Walking at 2-Week Post-Intervention and 4-Week Follow-up
Evaluated using an ad-hoc 6-item scale assessing anticipated negative emotions associated with not walking as much as possible over the next two weeks. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree), with higher scores indicating stronger anticipated negative emotions toward not walking.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks
Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Daily Water Intake at 2-Week Post-Intervention
Measured using an ad-hoc close-ended single-item measure assessing usual number of glasses of water consumed in an ordinary day.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks
Change from Baseline in Attitude toward Water Intake at 2-Week Post-Intervention
Measured using an ad-hoc 7-point semantic differential scale assessing anticipated attitude toward drinking at least 2 liters of water per day over the next two weeks, across six bipolar adjective pairs. Higher scores are associated with more positive attitudes toward drinking water.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks
Change from Baseline in Intention to Drink Water at 2-Week Post-Intervention
Measured using an ad hoc 7-point Likert scale comprising 3 items and assessing intention to drink at least 2 liters of water per day over the next two weeks. Responses range from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree), with higher values indicating stronger intention to drink water.
Time frame: Baseline and 2 weeks
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