This study aimed to investigate the effects of virtual reality (VR)-assisted training compared with traditional training and routine practice on physical and neurophysiological performance in young professional football players. Thirty-nine male football players aged 18-19 were randomly assigned to VR training, traditional training, and control groups. The intervention lasted for several weeks and included structured training sessions integrated into regular team practice. Physical performance was assessed using balance, 30-meter sprint, and muscle strength tests, while neurophysiological outcomes were evaluated using electroencephalography (EEG). Measurements were conducted before and after the intervention period. The VR group performed immersive exercise-based training using VR applications designed to improve coordination, strength, endurance, and cognitive-motor interaction, while the traditional group performed the same exercises without VR support. The study hypothesized that VR-assisted training would lead to greater improvements in both physical performance and brain activity compared to traditional and control conditions.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
39
Virtual reality (VR)-based training was performed using immersive applications such as Head Football, Rezzil Player, FitXR, and similar platforms. Participants completed structured exercise sessions after regular team practice. The training focused on improving balance, strength, endurance, coordination, and cognitive-motor integration. Sessions were conducted using a VR headset with defined work-rest intervals and consisted of repeated exercise sets designed to simulate sport-specific movements in an immersive environment.
Participants performed the same exercise content as the VR group under coach supervision without the use of virtual reality technology. Training sessions focused on improving balance, strength, endurance, and coordination using conventional training methods. Exercises were structured with similar sets and rest intervals as the VR group and were completed after regular team practice.
RTEU
Rize, Center, Turkey (Türkiye)
EEG Spectral Power (Theta, Alpha, Beta Bands - Anterior Region)
EEG was recorded using a 32-channel system (BrainAccess Extended+). Power spectral density was calculated using the Welch method, and absolute power values (µV²) were derived for theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), and beta (12-30 Hz) frequency bands. Analyses were performed by averaging electrodes in the anterior region.
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 8)
EEG Functional Connectivity (Anterior-Central Coherence)
Functional connectivity was assessed using coherence analysis between anterior and central brain regions. Coherence values were calculated for theta (4-8 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) frequency bands using Welch-based methods.
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Dynamic Balance (Togu Challenge Disc Test)
Balance performance was assessed using the Togu Challenge Disc. Participants performed double-leg and single-leg balance tasks (dominant and non-dominant), and the best score based on the device's standardized scoring system (1-5 scale) was recorded.
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Sprint Speed (30-meter Sprint Test)
Sprint performance was measured using a 30-meter sprint test with a photoelectric timing system. The best time (seconds) from two trials was recorded.
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Isometric Knee Extension Strength
Muscle strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer. Maximum isometric knee extension force was measured for 5 seconds, and the highest value (kg) from repeated trials was recorded for the leg.
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 8)
P300 Latency (Event-Related Potential)
P300 latency (ms) was measured using ERP analysis during virtual reality training sessions. The P300 component was identified within the 300-600 ms time window.
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 8)
P300 Amplitude (Event-Related Potential)
P300 amplitude (µV) was recorded during virtual reality training sessions using ERP analysis, reflecting cognitive processing and attentional resource allocation.
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) and Post-intervention (Week 8)
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