The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of adding aromatherapy massage with a mixture of lavender and orange oil to conventional physical therapy in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain on pain, central sensitization, functionality, sleep, quality of life, kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression in this patient population.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
70
Hotpack (10 min) TENS (20 min) Ultrasound (5 min) Stretching \& stabilization exercises (15 min) Frequency: 5 sessions/week for 4 weeks
Same conventional physiotherapy protocol Aromatherapy massage: Lavender + orange essential oil (%1.5 in sweet almond oil) 15 min/session 3 sessions/week for 4 weeks Massage techniques: effleurage, petrissage, friction, vibration
Kırşehir Research and Training Hospital, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Clinic
Kırşehir, Merkez, Turkey (Türkiye)
McGill Pain Questionnaire
The McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form consists of 15 items evaluating sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Each item is scored on a 0-3 Likert scale, with total scores ranging from 0 to 45. Higher scores indicate greater pain severity.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks
Pressure Pain Threshold (Algometer)
Pressure pain threshold will be measured using an algometer to evaluate sensitivity in predefined anatomical points. The device quantifies the minimum pressure that induces pain.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks
Central Sensitization Inventory
The Central Sensitization Inventory is a 25-item questionnaire assessing symptoms related to central sensitization. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0-4), with total scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater central sensitization symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks
Disability (Oswestry Disability Index)
The Oswestry Disability Index consists of 10 items assessing functional disability related to low back pain. Each item is scored from 0 to 5, with total scores converted into percentage disability (0-100%).
Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks
Quality of Life (SF-36)
The SF-36 Health Survey evaluates quality of life across 8 domains including physical functioning, role limitations, pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status.
Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks
Anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory)
The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a 21-item scale measuring anxiety severity. Each item is scored from 0 to 3, with total scores ranging from 0 to 63.
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Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks
Depression (Beck Depression Inventory)
The Beck Depression Inventory consists of 21 items assessing depressive symptoms. Total scores classify depression severity as minimal, mild, moderate, or severe.
Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks
Kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia)
The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia includes 17 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 17 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater fear of movement.
Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks
Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index)
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index evaluates sleep quality across 7 components. Total scores range from 0 to 21, with scores above 5 indicating poor sleep quality.
Time frame: Baseline and 4 weeks