The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if hearing devices, like cochlear implants, affect social and cognitive function of older adults. The main questions the researchers want to answer are: * How social are older adults with hearing loss before and after using hearing devices? * How well do older adults with hearing loss think before and after using hearing devices? * For older adults who have hearing loss and use hearing devices, do changes in social interaction explain changes in how well they think (cognitive function)? * Do brainwaves (EEGs) in older adults with hearing loss change after using hearing devices? * Are there differences in how social older adults with hearing loss are compared to older adults without hearing loss? What Participants Will Do: * Participants will take questionnaires for around 60 minutes. Questionnaires will ask participants about their background, health, hearing, and how social they are. Another set of questionnaires will check their thinking ability or cognition. * Participants will wear an audio sensor (TILES Audio Recorder on Jelly Mobile phone) for 2 weeks. The sensor will collect and store information about a participant's voice during conversations. Once the device has information about a participant's voice such as pitch and tone it will store this information and delete the audio recording. Words spoken during conversations will be deleted. * (Optional) Participants can choose to participate in a 45-60-minute EEG (electroencephalogram) recording session. Participants will have sensors placed on top of their heads. Sensors will record the participants' brainwaves. Sounds will be played to see how participants' brainwaves change when they hear sounds. Eligible participants will be invited to participate in 4-month follow-up study.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
40
Participants will undergo or have previously undergone cochlear implantation as part of routine clinical care, independent of this research study.
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California, United States
Audio sensor- speech arousal
The audio sensor employs deep-learning-based multimodal speech pattern modeling of participants' own voice activities to extract speech arousal and speech activities. Speech arousal measures include the percentage of strong arousals, serving as a proxy of enhanced engagement in conversations.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-month follow-up
Audio sensor- speech activity
The audio sensor employs deep-learning-based multimodal speech pattern modeling of participants' own voice activities to extract speech arousal and speech activities. Speech activity measures include the intersession time (the interval between speech sessions, representing the frequency of conversation engagement).
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-month follow-up
Cognitive test- MoCA
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) The MoCA is a brief cognitive screening tool assessing multiple domains including memory, attention, executive function, language, visuospatial skills, and orientation. The standard MoCA total score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function (better outcomes).
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-month follow-up
UCLA Loneliness Scale
The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a 20-item self-report measure assessing subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Total scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater loneliness and worse outcomes. Minimum score: 20; maximum score: 80. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4 months follow-up
Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6)
The Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6) is a 6-item self-report measure assessing social engagement and perceived social support from family and friends. Total scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating larger and more supportive social networks (better outcomes). Minimum score: 0; maximum score: 30. Higher scores represent better outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4 months follow-up
Duke Social Support Index (DSSI-11)
The DSSI-11 is an 11-item self-report measure assessing social support across social interaction and subjective support domains. Total scores range from 10 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater perceived social support (better outcomes). Minimum score: 10; maximum score: 30. Higher scores represent better outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-months follow-up
Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly - Screening Version (HHIE-S)
The HHIE-S is a 10-item self-report questionnaire assessing the emotional and social/situational effects of hearing loss in older adults. Total scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived hearing handicap and worse hearing-related quality of life. Minimum score: 0; maximum score: 40. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4 months follow-up
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) Scale
The GAD-7 is a 7-item self-report questionnaire assessing the severity of generalized anxiety symptoms over the past two weeks. Total scores range from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety severity and worse outcomes. Minimum score: 0; maximum score: 21. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4 months follow-up
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
The CES-D is a 20-item self-report questionnaire assessing depressive symptoms in the general population over the past week. Total scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptom severity and worse outcomes. Minimum score: 0; maximum score: 60. Higher scores represent worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4 months follow-up
Short Form Health Survey - 12 Item (SF-12)
The SF-12 is a 12-item self-report measure assessing overall health-related quality of life across physical and mental domains. Scores are typically summarized into Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores. When reported as a combined or transformed total score ranging from 0 to 200, higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life (better outcomes). Minimum score: 0; maximum score: 200. Higher scores represent better outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-months follow-up
Short Assessment of Health Literacy (SAHL)
The SAHL is an 18-item word recognition and comprehension test assessing health literacy. Total scores range from 0 to 18, with higher scores indicating better health literacy (better outcomes). Minimum score: 0; maximum score: 18. Higher scores represent better outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-months follow-up
EEG Measure - Mismatch negativity amplitude
Mismatch Negativity (MMN) amplitude is an event-related potential (ERP) measure of automatic auditory change detection and sensory discrimination. EEG recordings will be obtained while participants complete an auditory oddball task. MMN amplitude will be quantified as the mean negative deflection (µV) elicited by deviant auditory stimuli relative to standard stimuli within the predefined MMN time window.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-month follow-up
EEG Measure - Mismatch negativity latency
Mismatch Negativity (MMN) latency is an event-related potential (ERP) measure of the timing of automatic auditory change detection and sensory discrimination. EEG recordings will be obtained while participants complete an auditory oddball task. MMN latency will be quantified as the time interval (milliseconds \[ms\]) from stimulus onset to the peak negative MMN response elicited by deviant auditory stimuli within the predefined MMN time window.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-month follow-up4-month follow-up
EEG Measure - P300 amplitude
P300 amplitude is an event-related potential (ERP) measure of attentional resource allocation and cognitive processing of task-relevant stimuli. EEG recordings will be obtained while participants complete an auditory oddball task. P300 amplitude will be quantified as the peak positive deflection (microvolts \[µV\]) elicited by target stimuli within the predefined P300 time window following stimulus presentation.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-month follow-up
EEG Measure - P300 latency
P300 latency is an event-related potential (ERP) measure of the speed of cognitive processing and stimulus evaluation. EEG recordings will be obtained while participants complete an auditory oddball task. P300 latency will be quantified as the time interval (milliseconds \[ms\]) from stimulus onset to the peak positive P300 response elicited by target stimuli within the predefined P300 time window.
Time frame: Baseline, optional 4-month follow-up
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