Underdilated VCX-TIPS Versus EVL Plus NSBB for Secondary Prophylaxis of Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhosis

Overview

Variceal bleeding is a major complication of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis and is associated with substantial risks of rebleeding and death. Current guidelines recommend endoscopic variceal ligation combined with nonselective beta-blockers as standard secondary prophylaxis for esophageal variceal bleeding and type 1 gastroesophageal variceal bleeding. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can markedly reduce portal pressure and prevent recurrent variceal bleeding, but its broader use in secondary prophylaxis is limited by the risk of post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy and liver function deterioration. The VIATORR Controlled Expansion stent is designed to allow controlled expansion between 8 and 10 mm. However, even 8-mm TIPS may still be associated with a substantial risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy. This trial evaluates an underdilated VCX-TIPS strategy, in which a commercially available 8-10 mm VIATORR Controlled Expansion stent is initially dilated only with a 6-mm balloon, aiming to achieve sufficient portal decompression while reducing the risk of excessive shunting. This is a prospective, multicenter, open-label, parallel-group, randomized superiority trial. Eligible patients with cirrhosis who have recovered from acute esophageal variceal bleeding or type 1 gastroesophageal variceal bleeding and have entered the secondary prophylaxis phase will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either underdilated VCX-TIPS or endoscopic variceal ligation plus nonselective beta-blockers. The primary outcome is the composite of all-cause death or clinically significant upper gastrointestinal rebleeding within 1 year after randomization.

This multicenter randomized controlled trial is designed to compare an underdilated VCX-TIPS strategy with standard secondary prophylaxis using endoscopic variceal ligation plus nonselective beta-blockers in patients with cirrhosis who have experienced esophageal variceal bleeding or type 1 gastroesophageal variceal bleeding. Patients with cirrhosis aged 18 to 75 years who have achieved successful control of acute variceal bleeding and are clinically stable will be screened. Eligible participants will be randomized after written informed consent has been obtained, generally between 5 and 21 days after successful hemostasis. Patients with ongoing bleeding, hemodynamic instability, a need for immediate rescue TIPS, or a strong indication for early or pre-emptive TIPS that makes randomization to EVL plus NSBB inappropriate will be excluded. Participants assigned to the experimental group will undergo TIPS using a commercially available 8-10 mm VIATORR Controlled Expansion stent. After stent deployment, the stent will be initially dilated only with a 6-mm balloon to achieve an initial effective shunt diameter of approximately 6 mm. Further dilation to 8 mm will not be performed solely because the portal pressure gradient remains above 12 mmHg. Additional dilation will be allowed only under predefined rescue conditions, such as persistent active bleeding, inadequate reduction of portal pressure gradient with persistent high-risk collateral perfusion despite embolization, or clinically significant rebleeding during follow-up. Selective embolization of responsible variceal inflow vessels may be performed according to standardized local procedures. Participants assigned to the control group will receive standard secondary prophylaxis with serial endoscopic variceal ligation and nonselective beta-blockers. Endoscopic variceal ligation will be repeated approximately every 4 weeks until variceal eradication or conversion to a low-risk status. Carvedilol will be the preferred nonselective beta-blocker, starting at 6.25 mg once daily and increasing to 12.5 mg once daily after 1 week if tolerated. Propranolol may be used if carvedilol is not tolerated or is clinically inappropriate. The primary endpoint is the time from randomization to the first occurrence of all-cause death or clinically significant upper gastrointestinal rebleeding within 365 days. Key secondary outcomes include transplant-free survival, overall survival, liver-related mortality, clinically significant rebleeding, variceal-related rebleeding, overt hepatic encephalopathy, severe overt hepatic encephalopathy, acute-on-chronic liver failure, liver function deterioration, TIPS dysfunction, actual stent diameter at 3 months, unplanned rehospitalization, length of hospital stay, transfusion requirement, direct medical costs, and adverse events. Participants will be followed for 12 months for the primary analysis and up to 24 months for extended secondary outcome analyses.