This study aimed to compare the effects of music-accompanied exercise snacks and calisthenic exercises on pain, locomotor performance, quality of life, and physical activity-related outcomes in healthy older adults.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
79
Participants in the CEG performed music-accompanied bodyweight exercises, with each session lasting approximately 20 minutes.
Participants in the ESG performed music-accompanied exercise sessions under physiotherapist supervision twice weekly for 6 weeks.
Sinem Yenil Kocabay
Denizli, Denizli, Turkey (Türkiye)
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)
The test measures the time required to stand up from a chair, walk 3 meters at a safe and comfortable speed, turn around, walk back, and sit down again. Shorter completion times indicate better balance and mobility performance.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test
The 30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test was used to assess lower extremity strength and endurance as indicators of functional performance in older adults. The number of complete sit-to-stand repetitions performed within 30 seconds was recorded as the test score
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Stair Climb Test
Participants were instructed to ascend and descend a staircase consisting of nine steps (16-20 cm in height) as quickly and safely as possible. Total completion time was recorded as the outcome measure.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES)
The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is an 8-item unidimensional instrument assessing positive feelings such as enjoyment and pleasure associated with physical activity. Responses are rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 7 ("strongly agree"). Higher mean scores indicate greater enjoyment of physical activity.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Pain Assessment
Pain perceived during rest, walking, and stair ascent/descent was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The distance (mm) between the "no pain" anchor and the participant's mark on a 10-cm line was measured, yielding a score ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
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Pain Disability Index (PDI)
The PDI consists of seven items evaluating the impact of pain on daily functional activities. Participants rate each item on a scale from 0 to 10. Total scores range from 0 to 70, with scores ≥40 indicating high disability. Higher scores reflect greater disability severity.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES)
The MFES is based on a visual analog scale assessing confidence in performing daily activities without falling. Participants rate their confidence for each activity on a scale ranging from 0 (no confidence) to 10 (complete confidence). The total score is divided by 14 to obtain the final score. Higher scores indicate lower fall risk, whereas lower scores indicate greater fall risk.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile for Older Adults (HPLP-OA)
The HPLP-OA was developed to evaluate health-promoting behaviors in adults aged 65 years and older. The scale consists of 22 items scored on a 4-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 22 to 88, with higher scores indicating greater frequency of health-promoting behaviors.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)
The IPAQ assesses time spent in physical activities during the previous week, including sitting, walking, moderate-intensity activity, and vigorous-intensity activity. Scores are calculated as MET-minutes/week by multiplying duration, frequency, and metabolic equivalent (MET) values.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week
World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Older Adults Module (WHOQOL-OLD TR)
The WHOQOL-OLD module consists of 24 items across six domains, rated using a 5-point Likert scale. Subscale scores range from 4 to 20, and a total score can also be calculated by summing domain scores. Higher scores indicate better quality of life.
Time frame: Preintervention, postintervention 6th week