Multimodal MRI Study of Acupuncture's Rapid Antidepressant Mechanisms and Response Prediction in Depression

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

Change in short-term depressive symptom severity measured by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). The total score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating more severe depression.

Time frame: Pre-acupuncture; 1 hour, 24 hours, and 3 days post-acupuncture

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule

Change in short-term positive and negative affect measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The PANAS consists of two 10-item subscales: Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), each with a total score ranging from 10 to 50. For the PA subscale, higher scores indicate better outcomes (greater positive affect). For the NA subscale, higher scores indicate worse outcomes (greater negative affect).

Time frame: Pre-acupuncture; 1 hour, 24 hours, and 3 days post-acupuncture

Maudsley Three-Item Visual Analogue Scale

Change in short-term subjective mood state measured by the Maudsley Three-Item Visual Analogue Scale. The scale consists of three separate visual analogue items (e.g., happiness, anxiety, depression), each scored from 0 to 100 mm (0 = absence of the feeling, 100 = extreme feeling). For the happiness item, a higher score indicates a better outcome. For the anxiety and depression items, higher scores indicate worse outcomes.

Time frame: Pre-acupuncture; 1 hour, 24 hours, and 3 days post-acupuncture