This study aims to investigate the effects of smoking on pain threshold, cervical position sense, and grip strength in women. Measurements will include pressure pain threshold (PPT), cervical position sense (CPS), grip strength, and pinch strength.
Smoking is widely recognized as one of the leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and constitutes a major public health problem. Smoking is thought to negatively influence pain perception, proprioceptive sensory feedback, and muscle performance. In this context, examining the combined effects of smoking on pain threshold, CPS, and grip strength in women may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional impact of smoking on the neuromuscular and sensory systems. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of smoking on pain threshold, CPS, and grip strength in women.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
132
observational case control study
Karabuk University
Karabük, Karabük Province, Turkey (Türkiye)
Grip strenght
Participants will be instructed to grasp the device tip between the thumb and the lateral aspect of the index finger's middle phalanx and to apply maximal force for 3 seconds, followed by relaxation.
Time frame: The measurements will be lasted 5-10 minutes.
Pain pressure threshold
Measurements will obtained from anatomical landmarks that have been frequently used in previous studies and reported to be reliable and sensitive.
Time frame: The measurements will last 5-10 minutes.
Cervical Position Sense
Using the CROM device, deviations from neutral head position were recorded in all three anatomical planes. With eyes closed, participants were then asked to perceive a target position passively guided by the examiner.
Time frame: The measurements will take 5-10 minutes.
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