The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a self-efficacy program can improve diabetes self-management behaviors in adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending primary health centers (Puskesmas) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does a self-efficacy program improve diabetes self-management behaviors (measured by the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities/SDSCA)? * Does a self-efficacy program enhance diabetes self-efficacy (measured by the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale)? Researchers will compare participants receiving the self-efficacy program (intervention group) to a waiting-list control group to see if the program leads to greater improvements in self-management and self-efficacy. Participants will: * Attend four weekly group sessions (60-90 minutes each) covering diabetes knowledge, goal setting, self-monitoring, and peer support * Complete questionnaires on diabetes self-management and self-efficacy at baseline and after the intervention period * Selected participants in the intervention group will take part in semi-structured interviews about their experience with the program
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
16
A structured group-based behavioral intervention grounded in Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory. The program consisted of four weekly sessions (60-90 minutes each) facilitated by a trained nurse researcher. Session 1 focused on diabetes knowledge enhancement and personal goal setting. Session 2 covered self-monitoring techniques and identifying barriers to self-care. Session 3 involved peer experience sharing and problem-solving strategies. Session 4 included review of progress, reinforcement of skills, and relapse prevention planning. The intervention targeted four sources of self-efficacy: mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological/emotional states.
Puskesmas (Primary Health Care) Gedongtengen
Yogyakarta, DI Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Diabetes Self-Management
Measured using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire, which assesses self-care behaviors across five domains: general diet, specific diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care. Scores represent the number of days per week (0-7) participants performed each self-care activity.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (after 4 weeks)
Diabetes Self-Efficacy
Measured using the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES), which assesses participants' confidence in performing diabetes self-management tasks. The scale uses a Likert-type response format with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (after 4 weeks)
Participants' Experiences with the Self-Efficacy Program
Qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with a purposive subsample of intervention group participants. Interviews explored participants' perceptions, experiences, and perceived impact of the self-efficacy program on their diabetes self-management. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Time frame: Post-intervention (after completion of the 4-week program)
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