This study will evaluate the relationship between structured nutrition counseling, diet quality, and advanced glycation end products in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and women with normal glucose tolerance. Participants will be assigned to either a structured nutrition counseling group or a standard care group according to glucose tolerance status. The counseling program will include education and follow-up on healthy eating during pregnancy, gestational diabetes management, portion control, food choices, meal planning, and cooking methods. Diet quality, dietary habits, biochemical parameters, advanced glycation end products, gestational weight gain, and fetal outcomes will be assessed during follow-up.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
48
A dietitian-led structured nutrition counseling, education, and follow-up program provided in addition to standard care. The program includes education on pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, adequate and balanced nutrition, appropriate gestational weight gain, portion control, low glycemic index food choices, reduction of highly processed foods, healthy cooking methods, carbohydrate intake, and meal planning. Follow-up will be conducted at least every two weeks by telephone, online, or face-to-face sessions. Dietary records and weight changes will be reviewed, and individualized feedback and motivational support will be provided.
Standard obstetric care or standard gestational diabetes management, when applicable, with routine dietitian consultation.
Diet Quality Score
Diet quality will be assessed using the Diet Quality Index-International based on three-day food records. The score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better diet quality.
Time frame: Baseline at 24-28 weeks of gestation and final assessment at 32-36 weeks of gestation
Serum Advanced Glycation End Products Level
Serum advanced glycation end products levels will be measured using serum samples obtained from residual blood collected during routine clinical tests. Levels will be evaluated in relation to glucose tolerance status, nutrition counseling, diet quality, and dietary behaviors.
Time frame: Final assessment at approximately 32-36 weeks of gestation
Highly Processed Food Consumption Score
Highly processed food consumption will be assessed using the short screening questionnaire of highly processed food consumption. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of highly processed foods.
Time frame: Baseline at 24-28 weeks of gestation and after 8 weeks of follow-up at approximately 32-36 weeks of gestation
Dietary Habits and Cooking Methods
Dietary habits and cooking methods will be assessed using a structured questionnaire including meal frequency, skipped meals, snacking habits, food preferences, cooking methods, and types of oils used in food preparation.
Time frame: Baseline at 24-28 weeks of gestation and after 8 weeks of follow-up at approximately 32-36 weeks of gestation
Gestational Weight Gain
Gestational weight gain will be evaluated using maternal body weight measurements recorded during pregnancy follow-up.
Time frame: Baseline at 24-28 weeks of gestation and after 8 weeks of follow-up at approximately 32-36 weeks of gestation
Birth Weight
Infant birth weight will be recorded in grams after delivery from obstetric and neonatal records.
Time frame: At delivery
Gestational Age at Birth
Gestational age at birth will be recorded in completed weeks after delivery from obstetric records.
Time frame: At delivery
Congenital Anomaly Status
The presence or absence of congenital anomaly will be recorded after delivery from obstetric and neonatal records.
Time frame: At delivery
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