Dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is central to the persistence of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Both HD-tDCS and iTBS targeting the left DLPFC have shown therapeutic benefit. This trial will test the hypothesis that combining HD-tDCS with iTBS yields additive efficacy.
Dysfunction of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is central to the persistence of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, an area of unmet therapeutic need. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) and intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an optimized form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have each demonstrated efficacy in alleviating negative symptoms when applied to the left DLPFC. However, meta-analyses indicate only moderate effect sizes for these interventions individually. Evidence suggests that combining iTBS with tDCS may enhance cortical plasticity beyond either technique alone, warranting trials to assess additive efficacy. This double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study will test the hypothesis that combined HD-tDCS and iTBS produce superior therapeutic benefit for negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
100
The active iTBS sessions will be delivered using the Magstim Rapid2 stimulator. The iTBS protocol consists of 3-pulse 50-Hz bursts given every 200 ms (at 5 Hz) for 2 s at 8-s intervals for 60 cycles. A 2-s train of iTBS will be repeated every 10 s for a total of 1800 pulses per session. The intensity of stimulation will be set at 80% resting motor threshold (RMT). The target will be the left DLPFC with the coil centered at the MNI coordinate \[-38, 44, 26\] calculated from T1-weighted MRI. The active HD-tDCS will be applied by NeuroConn DC Stimulator Plus. The central anode will be placed over the International 10-20 electrode position F3 and the return peripheral electrodes placed at Fp1, Fz, C3 and F7. Stimulation session will be applied at an intensity of 2 mA, 8-sec fade in and 5-sec fade out, for 20 min. During each session, the subject has to perform a computerized working memory task (i.e., 2-back task). The two times daily sessions will be separated by at least 2 hours.
The active iTBS sessions will be delivered using the Magstim Rapid2 stimulator. The iTBS protocol consists of 3-pulse 50-Hz bursts given every 200 ms (at 5 Hz) for 2 s at 8-s intervals for 60 cycles. A 2-s train of iTBS will be repeated every 10 s for a total of 1800 pulses per session. The intensity of stimulation will be set at 80% resting motor threshold (RMT). The target is the left DLPFC with the coil centered at the MNI coordinate \[-38, 44, 26\] calculated from T1-weighted MRI. In the sham HD-tDCS stimulation, short continuous currents without neuromodulatory effects will be applied to mimic real-stimulation sensations. Specifically, sham stimulation will deliver 40-sec, 2 mA normal-like stimulation, followed by a tiny current pulse (110 μA over 15 ms) for impedance control taking place every 550 ms for the remaining time. The other procedure is the same as the active HD-tDCS stimulation.
Tri-service general hospital
Taipei, Taiwan
The change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale score
PANSS is a clinician-administered rating scale to measure the severity of psychopathological symptoms of the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The patient is rated from 1 to 7 on 30 different symptom items. All items scores are summed up to yield a total PANSS score, which ranges from 30 to 210. A higher score indicates greater psychopathological symptom severity. PANSS negative subscale has 7 items with its score ranging from 7 to 49. The changes in the PANSS negative subscale score immediately after the 3-week intervention (primary endpoint), as well as at one-month and three-month follow-ups, will be collected as the primary outcome.
Time frame: Fifteen weeks
The change in score of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS)
The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) is used to assess negative symptoms in schizophrenia on a 25 item, 6-point scale. The SANS measures five domains of the negative symptoms including affective flattening or blunting, alogia, avolition - apathy, anhedonia - Asociality, Attention. In each domain, separate symptoms are rated from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe). A total SANS score ranges from 0 to 125. The changes in the SANS score immediately after the 3-week intervention, as well as at one-month and three-month follow-ups, will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Fifteen weeks
The change in score of Calgary Depression Rating Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS)
The participants' depressive symptoms will be measured by Calgary Depression Rating Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). The changes in the CDSS score immediately after the 3-week intervention, as well as at one-month and three-month follow-ups, will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Fifteen weeks
The change in the Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP) score
PSP is a clinician-administered rating scale for measuring the psychosocial functioning of the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The PSP scale measures psychosocial functioning within four domains: socially useful activities, personal and social relationships, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behavior.The patient is rated from 1 to 6 on each item of the four domains. A higher score indicates greater psychosocial functioning in any of the four domains. The final global score is defined according to a summary instruction table. This scale provides a single, overall rating from 1 to 100, where a higher score represents better personal and social function. The changes in the Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP) score immediately after the 3-week intervention, as well as at one-month and three-month follow-ups, will be collected as the secondary outcome.
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In the sham iTBS condition, the patients receive the same iTBS regimen and exact positioning of the coil but stimulations will be delivered using a commercial identical looking figure 8 sham coil (Magstim D70 Air film sham coil) that can produce a similar sound and sensation. In the active HD-tDCS condition, stimulation will be applied by a battery-operated device (NeuroConn DC Stimulator Plus) via 5 carbon rubber electrodes (1 cm radius, high-definition 4 × 1 rings configuration). To target the left DLPFC, the central electrode (anode) will be placed over International 10-20 electrode position F3, with return peripheral electrodes at Fp1, Fz, C3 and F7. Stimulation will be applied at an intensity of 2 milliamp (mA), 8-sec fade in and 5-sec fade out, for 20 min. During each session, the subject has to perform a computerized working memory task (i.e., 2-back task). The two times daily sessions will be separated by at least 2 hours.
In the sham iTBS condition, patients receive the same iTBS regimen and exact positioning of the coil but stimulations will be delivered using a commercial identical looking figure 8 sham coil (Magstim D70 Air film sham coil) that can produce a similar sound and sensation. In the sham HD-tDCS condition, short continuous currents without neuromodulatory effects will be applied to mimic real-stimulation sensations. Specifically, sham stimulation will deliver 40-sec, 2 mA normal-like stimulation, followed by a tiny current pulse (110 μA over 15 ms) for impedance control taking place every 550 ms for the remaining time. The other procedure is the same as the active HD-tDCS stimulation.
Time frame: Fifteen weeks
The change in the score of the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS)
Cognitive insight was measured by the Taiwanese version of the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), a self-reported instrument comprising 15 items.The Taiwanese BCIS is composed of 2 subscales including reflective attitude (9 items) and certain attitude (6 items). We obtained a R-C (reflective attitude minus certain attitude) index of the Taiwanese BCIS, representing the measurement of cognitive insight by subtracting the score of the certain attitude subscale from that of the reflective attitude subscale. Lower R-C index scores indicate poorer cognitive insight. The changes in the score of the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) immediately after the 3-week intervention, as well as at one-month and three-month follow-ups, will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Fifteen weeks
The change in the score of Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision Four (SQOLR4)
The Chinese version of the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision Four (SQOLR4) is a self-administered questionnaire of 33 items in two domains: psychosocial and vitality. All but four items are coded on a scale of 0-4 according to the frequency of occurrence during the previous 7 days (0 = always, 4 = never; the four exceptions are coded 0 = never, 4 = always). A higher score indicates higher health-related QoL. The changes in the score of Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision Four (SQOLR4) immediately after the 3-week intervention, as well as at one-month and three-month follow-ups, will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Fifteen weeks
The changes in the results of the Tower of London Drexel University Test 2nd Edition
The Tower of London Drexel University Test 2nd Edition is a neuropsychological test for the assessment of executive functioning specifically to detect deficits in planning, which may occur due to a variety of medical and neuropsychiatric conditions. The changes in the results of the Tower of London Drexel University Test 2nd Edition immediately after the 3-week intervention will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Three weeks
The changes in the results of the Color Trails Test (CTT)
The CTT, a culture-neutral version of the Trail Making Test, was selected to measure sustained visual attention. The CTT consists of two parts (CTT-1 and CTT-2). The CTT-1 requires participants to connect a series of numbered circles that are randomly printed on a sheet of paper. In the CTT-2, numbered circles of 1 to 25 are shown twice (printed in pink and in yellow) randomly on a sheet of paper. Participants are asked to connect the numbers from 1 to 25 alternating between the two colors. The changes in the results of the Color Trails Test (CTT) immediately after the 3-week intervention will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Three weeks
The changes in the results of the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT)
Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) will be administered to measure selective attention and cognitive flexibility. SCWT is composed of three parts, each lasting for 45 seconds. The changes in the results of the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) immediately after the 3-week intervention will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Three weeks
The changes in indices of heart rate variability (HRV) derived from R-R intervals of ECG signals
HRV indices represent autonomic functioning. ECG electrodes will be placed on bilateral arms just below the elbows, with a ground electrode placed just above the right wrist bone. Lead I electrocardiogram of each patient will be taken for 5 min after sitting and having a rest for 20 min in a soundproof, dim-lighted room with thermostatic control. The ECG signals will be acquired, stored, pre-processed according to the recommended procedures and processed by an HRV analyser. The time domain of HRV is obtained: Standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN). Power spectrum of HRV is quantified into the standard frequency-domain measurements including low-frequency power (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz), high-frequency power (HF, 0.15- 0.40 Hz). The changes in indices of heart rate variability (HRV) derived from R-R intervals of ECG signals immediately after the 3-week intervention will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Three weeks
The changes in resting-state EEG features
In a dimly lit, electrically shielded room, patients' electroencephalogram (EEG) will be recorded. Resting-state EEG will be collected with eye opened (5min) and closed (5min). Signals will be amplified by using EEG amplifiers and stored for offline analyses. The changes in resting-state EEG features (power, coherence, and microstates within different frequency bands including delta, theta, alpha and beta) immediately after the 3-week intervention will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Three weeks
The changes in fNIRS features
Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system is used to measure the relative changes in oxyhemoglobin (Hb) of the frontal regions. Resting-state fNIRS fo 180s and verbal fluency task (VFT)-based fNIRS for 160s will be collected in a quiet room. The changes in fNIRS features immediately after the 3-week intervention will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Three weeks
The changes in resting-state fMRI features
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans will be performed on the hybrid 3.0T PET-MR imaging unit (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). MRI scans will be carried out using the same imaging protocol, including T1-weighted images and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRIs).The changes in resting-state fMRI features immediately after the 3-week intervention will be collected as the secondary outcome.
Time frame: Three weeks