Human Volunteer Participation: A total of six (6) healthy adult volunteers participated in the study, including three males and three females aged between 18 and 22 years. The volunteers participated in: * Arm-in-Cage Test Procedure * Dermatological Safety Test All participants were: * Non-tobacco users * Free from dermatosis or chronic skin disease * Free from known allergic reactions to arthropod bites or mosquito repellents * Informed regarding the objectives, procedures, risks, and benefits of the study Written informed consent was obtained from all volunteers before participation. Participants were instructed not to apply perfumes, aromatics, skincare products, or other mosquito repellents on the hands for at least 12 hours before and during the experiment to minimize experimental bias. Safety and Ethical Considerations: 1. All experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. 2. Appropriate safety precautions and monitoring procedures were maintained throughout the study. 3. Volunteers retained the right to withdraw from the study at any stage without penalty. 4. Confidentiality and anonymity of volunteer information were strictly maintained. 5. No severe physical or psychological risk was associated with participation. 6. Immediate medical support and first-aid facilities were available during experimentation.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
6
Specialized rubber gloves designed to expose only a 4 × 4 cm area of dorsal hand skin while protecting the rest of the hand. Gloves were replaced between trials to prevent cross-contamination or residual repellent effects.
Biomedical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Science and Technology
Dhaka, Dhaka Division, Bangladesh
Number of Mosquito Landings on the Treated Forearm During the WHO Arm-in-Cage Test
The number of mosquito landings on the treated forearm will be counted during each exposure period using the standardized WHO Arm-in-Cage Test with 50 unfed female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
Time frame: Measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after repellent application.
Number of Confirmed Mosquito Bites During the WHO Arm-in-Cage Test
The number of confirmed mosquito bites occurring on the treated forearm will be recorded during each exposure period.
Time frame: Measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after repellent application.
Complete Protection Time Measured by the WHO Arm-in-Cage Test
Complete Protection Time is defined as the elapsed time from repellent application until the first confirmed mosquito landing or bite.
Time frame: Up to 8 hours after application.
Percentage Protection Against Mosquito Landing
Percentage protection will be calculated by comparing the number of mosquito landings on treated skin with the corresponding control observations.
Time frame: Measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after application
Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Skin Reactions
The number of participants experiencing erythema, itching, rash, burning sensation, or other treatment-related skin reactions after topical repellent application.
Time frame: Within 8 hours after application.
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