Core Stability Training in Young Adults With Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain

Participants in this arm will perform core stability training using a Swiss ball as the primary exercise equipment. Before the formal training session, participants will complete a 5-minute supervised warm-up consisting of dynamic stretching exercises focusing on the spine, shoulders, and hips, together with light running and jumping activities for the lower extremities. The core stability program consists of six exercise components performed in a progressive sequence from easier to more difficult tasks, with gradual reductions in the base of support to increase instability and challenge trunk control. As participants adapt to the intervention over time, the training load will be periodically increased to optimize therapeutic effects. Following each training session, participants will complete 5 minutes of static stretching exercises as a cool-down activity.

Participants in this arm will perform lumbar muscle exercises using a mat as the primary exercise surface. Apart from the exercise equipment used, the overall training protocol will be identical to that of the Swiss ball-based core stability training group. Before the formal training session, participants will complete the same 5-minute supervised warm-up program consisting of dynamic stretching exercises and light running and jumping activities. After each training session, participants will also perform 5 minutes of static stretching exercises as a cool-down activity.