Patient-Specific 3D Model-Assisted Preoperative Consultation for Thoracoscopic Lung Resection

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Adults aged 18 years or older. 2. Scheduled to undergo elective thoracoscopic anatomical lung resection for suspected or confirmed lung tumors, defined as lobectomy or segmentectomy. 3. The planned operation and relevant alternatives can be reasonably discussed during preoperative consultation by the attending thoracic surgeon. 4. Clinically stable and able to participate in preoperative consultation. 5. Able to read, understand, and complete Chinese questionnaires independently or with neutral assistance from research staff. 6. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. - Exclusion Criteria: 1. Emergency surgery. 2. Planned wedge resection only, pneumonectomy, extrapleural pneumonectomy, or non-thoracoscopic open surgery at recruitment. 3. Previous major ipsilateral thoracic surgery that substantially alters thoracic anatomy and may make the generic model misleading. 4. Known cognitive impairment, severe psychiatric disorder, severe visual impairment, severe hearing impairment, or language barrier that prevents effective participation in consultation or questionnaire completion. 5. Participation in another interventional study expected to affect preoperative anxiety, patient education, decision-making, or perioperative communication. 6. Any other condition judged by the investigators to make the patient unsuitable for this study. \-