Risk Factors for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) in Adults at the Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital

Universitas Indonesia280 enrolled

Overview

The goal of this observational study is to determine the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and identify its risk factors in adult patients recovering in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) after elective surgery at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, Indonesia. The main questions it aims to answer are: * What is the incidence of PONV among adult patients during their PACU stay? * Which patient-, anaesthesia-, and surgery-related factors are independently associated with the occurrence of PONV? Participants who undergo elective surgery under any anaesthetic technique (general anaesthesia, spinal, epidural, or sedation) will be observed for nausea and vomiting from PACU admission until discharge. Researchers will also record the following variables for each participant: * Patient factors: age, sex, smoking history, and history of motion sickness or prior PONV * Anaesthesia factors: type of anaesthesia, intraoperative opioid use, and PONV prophylaxis use * Surgical factors: type of surgery and surgical duration

Study Type

OBSERVATIONAL

Enrollment

280

Conditions

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Anesthesia Complication Postoperative Complication

Interventions

Participants undergo elective surgery with anaesthesia as part of their standard clinical care. No additional intervention is administered by the research team. The study observes participants during their routine post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) stay and records exposure to anaesthesia-related factors (type of anaesthesia, opioid use, PONV prophylaxis) and surgical factors (surgery type, duration) as they occur in clinical practice.

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 18 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients aged 18 years or older * Scheduled to undergo elective surgery under any type of anaesthesia (general anaesthesia, spinal, epidural, or sedation) * ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status classification I-IV * Fully conscious with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15 Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of nausea or vomiting before anaesthesia induction * Use of Monitored Anaesthesia Care (MAC) technique * Preoperative use of opioids or other emetogenic medications * Patient or legal guardian refuses informed consent

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Incidence of postoperative nausea and/or vomiting (PONV) during PACU stay

PONV is defined as any episode of nausea (sensation of wanting to vomit without expulsive muscle movement) or vomiting (active expulsion of gastrointestinal contents) occurring after surgery with anaesthesia (general, spinal, epidural, or sedation). Assessed by direct clinical observation and patient interview during PACU monitoring.

Time frame: Immediate postoperative period (Postoperative Day 0; during PACU stay)

Secondary Outcomes

Severity of PONV

Severity of PONV as assessed by Numeric Rating Scale (NRS): mild (1-3), moderate (4-6), severe (7-10)