This observational study aims to investigate the association between brain type, determined by the second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio, playing position, and mental toughness among amateur soccer players. A total of 270 licensed amateur soccer players participated in the study. Mental toughness was assessed using the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ), while brain type was determined by measuring the 2D:4D digit ratio. The study examines whether mental toughness differs according to brain type and playing position, providing insight into the neuropsychological characteristics of soccer players and their potential relationship with psychological performance.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
270
No intervention was administered. Participants underwent assessment of the second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio and completed the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ).
Istanbul Gelisim University
Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)
Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) Total Score
Mental toughness was assessed using the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ), a validated 14-item self-report questionnaire. Total scores range from 14 to 56, with higher scores indicating greater mental toughness. The total score was compared among brain type (Type A, Type B, and Type C) groups and playing positions.
Time frame: Baseline (single assessment)
2D:4D Digit Ratio Classification
Brain type was determined by manually measuring the second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio of the hands. Participants were classified as Type A, Type B, or Type C according to predefined criteria.
Time frame: Baseline (single assessment)
Playing Position Classification
Participants were categorized according to their playing positions (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, or striker) to evaluate differences in mental toughness.
Time frame: Baseline (single assessment)
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