The objective of of this observational study is to evaluate the nutritional status and the prevalence of nutrition-related conditions, as well as dysphagia, among patients aged 65 years and older with mental disorders. The study will also identify key associated factors and inform the development of targeted strategies for the prevention, early identification, and management of malnutrition and related conditions. Furthermore, a draft clinical pathway for nutritional care will be developed, and its feasibility and effectiveness will be assessed.
This prospective observational study will be conducted at the Geriatric Psychiatry Unit of the University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana and will focus on hospitalized patients aged 65 years and older with mental disorders. Older adults with psychiatric conditions, particularly those with dementia and depression, represent a highly vulnerable population with an increased risk of malnutrition, dysphagia, and related clinical conditions. Despite their clinical importance, these conditions remain under-recognized and insufficiently addressed, particularly in hospital settings, where nutritional status may further deteriorate during admission. The study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of nutritional status and nutrition-related conditions in this population, while also examining their relationship with clinical, functional, cognitive, psychological, and sociodemographic factors. In addition, the study will explore associations between nutritional conditions and laboratory biomarkers, including markers of inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress, to improve understanding of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Data will be collected as part of routine clinical care using a multidisciplinary approach, including medical, nutritional, functional, psychological, and pharmacological assessments. Nutritional status and dysphagia will be evaluated using validated clinical tools and standard diagnostic criteria. Functional status will be assessed through established mobility and performance measures, while cognitive function and mood will be evaluated using standardized psychological instruments. Laboratory parameters will be obtained from routine diagnostics, with additional analyses performed on stored serum samples without increasing patient burden. Patients will be assessed at hospital admission and followed during hospitalization, with repeated measurements performed in accordance with standard clinical practice. No additional invasive procedures will be performed solely for research purposes, and all participants will receive standard care according to current clinical guidelines. The study will therefore not interfere with treatment or impose additional risk to participants. The findings of this study are expected to provide the first comprehensive national data on the prevalence of malnutrition and related conditions in hospitalized older adults with mental disorders in Slovenia. Based on these findings, a multidisciplinary clinical pathway for nutritional care will be developed and its feasibility and effectiveness evaluated. The results will contribute to improved early detection, prevention, and management of malnutrition and dysphagia, as well as to the development of national evidence-based clinical guidelines and healthcare strategies for this vulnerable population.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
450
Prevalence of nutrition disorders and nutrition-related conditions
The prevalence of predefined nutrition disorders and nutrition-related conditions will be assessed in hospitalized patients aged 65 years and older with mental disorders using validated diagnostic criteria. Predefined conditions include malnutrition, cachexia, sarcopenia, frailty, overweight, obesity (including sarcopenic obesity and central obesity), and micronutrient abnormalities.
Time frame: Baseline.
Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)
Nutritional status will be assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®; score range 0-30). Higher MNA scores indicate better nutritional status.
Time frame: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI)
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI, kg/m²) will be assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and calculated as appendicular skeletal muscle mass in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Higher ASMI values indicate greater appendicular skeletal muscle mass relative to height.
Time frame: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) score
Dysphagia will be assessed using the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). The total score ranges from 0 to 20 points, with higher scores indicating better swallowing function. Established score ranges will be used to describe dysphagia severity.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Phase angle
Phase angle, expressed in degrees, will be assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Higher phase angle values generally indicate greater cell membrane integrity and body cell mass.
Time frame: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Barthel Index score
Activities of daily living will be assessed using the Barthel Index. The total Barthel Index score (0-100 points) will be recorded. Higher scores indicate greater independence in activities of daily living.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Handgrip strength
Handgrip strength will be assessed using a calibrated hand dynamometer. One maximal grip strength measurement will be obtained from the dominant hand and recorded in kilograms (kg). Higher values indicate greater handgrip strength.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Cognitive function
Cognitive function will be assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The total score ranges from 0 to 30 points, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score
Depressive symptoms will be assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). The total score ranges from 0 to 15 points, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Hospital length of stay
Hospital length of stay will be calculated as the number of calendar days from hospital admission to hospital discharge, based on the hospital medical record.
Time frame: From admission to discharge, an average of 3 weeks.
Number of participants experiencing at least one in-hospital adverse event
The number of participants experiencing at least one predefined adverse event during hospitalization will be recorded. Predefined adverse events include falls, fractures, delirium, aspiration, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, gastrointestinal infection, sepsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, pressure ulcer, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, arrhythmia, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiopulmonary arrest, or death. Each participant will be counted once, irrespective of the number of adverse events experienced.
Time frame: During hospitalization, up to Day 21.
De Morton Mobility Index score
Mobility will be assessed using the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI). The DEMMI total score (0-100 points) will be recorded. Higher scores indicate better mobility.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
4-meter gait speed
Gait speed will be assessed over a 4-meter walking distance. Walking speed will be calculated as distance in meters divided by walking time in seconds and expressed in meters per second. Higher values indicate faster gait speed.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test
Lower extremity muscle function will be assessed using the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5STS). The time (seconds) required to complete five consecutive sit-to-stand repetitions will be recorded. Shorter completion time indicates better lower extremity strength.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)
Functional mobility will be assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The time (seconds) required to stand up from a chair, walk around a marker, return, and sit down will be recorded. Shorter completion time indicates better function.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS)
Frailty will be assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), ranging from 1 to 9 points. Higher scores indicate greater frailty.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (ACCI) score
Comorbidity burden will be assessed using the Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index. The total ACCI score will be recorded.
Time frame: Baseline.
Number of regularly prescribed medications
The number of regularly prescribed systemic medications documented in the participant's medication list at baseline will be recorded. Medications prescribed only as needed will not be included.
Time frame: Baseline.
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI)
GNRI will be calculated from serum albumin concentration and the ratio of actual to ideal body weight using the prespecified GNRI equation (Bouillanne et al, 2005). The GNRI is a unitless score, with higher scores indicating lower nutrition-related risk.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration
Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration will be measured in serum obtained from venous blood using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and expressed in ng/ml.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration
Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration will be measured in serum obtained from venous blood using a validated laboratory assay and expressed in pg/ml.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) concentration
Serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) concentration (pg/ml) will be measured in serum obtained from venous blood using a validated laboratory assay.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Total antioxidant capacity
Total antioxidant capacity, assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, will be expressed as percentage inhibition of the DPPH radical. Higher values indicate greater antioxidant capacity.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentration (pg/ml) will be measured in serum obtained from venous blood using a validated laboratory assay.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration (mg/l) will be measured in serum obtained from venous blood using routine laboratory methods.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Phenotypic Age (PhenoAge)
PhenoAge, expressed in years, will be calculated using the validated equation described by Ruan et al. (2023), based on chronological age, serum albumin, creatinine, glucose, lymphocyte percentage, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, alkaline phosphatase, and white blood cell count. Lower values indicate lower biological age.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Skeletal muscle mass percentage
Skeletal muscle mass percentage will be assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and expressed as the percentage of total body mass classified as skeletal muscle mass.
Time frame: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Fat mass percentage
Fat mass percentage will be assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and expressed as the percentage of total body mass classified as fat mass. Higher values indicate a greater proportion of body fat.
Time frame: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Calf circumference
Calf circumference will be measured in centimeters at the prespecified anatomical site using a non-stretch measuring tape and standardized anthropometric procedures.
Time frame: Baseline and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Body mass index
Body mass index (BMI) will be calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and expressed in kg/m².
Time frame: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 (or hospital discharge if earlier).
Nina Mohorko
CONTACT
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